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Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) was the first Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) protein detected and is the most widely studied [1]. EBNA1 is expressed in both latent and lytic modes of EBV infection, although it has mainly been studied in latency, where it plays multiple important roles. The importance of EBNA1 in EBV latency is reflected in the fact that EBNA1 is the only viral protein expressed in all forms of latency in proliferating cells and in all EBV-associated tumours. EBNA1 is required for the persistence of EBV genomes due to its contributions to both the replication and mitotic segregation of EBV episomes. EBNA1 also activates the expression of other EBV latency genes important for cell immortalization. All of these functions involve EBNA1 binding to specific DNA recognition sites in the EBV latent origin of DNA replication (oriP). In addition, EBNA1 has been shown to alter the cellular environment in multiple ways that might facilitate viral infection and contribute to cell immortalization and survival. This paper will review the known functions, cellular effects, and mechanisms of action of EBNA1.
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