Heads, modifiers and arrangements o

Heads, modifiers and arrangements of words:
To make sense to a clause or a phase is necessary to pick out each head and modifier from the sentence and the adjectives that follow the "head noun”. In formal writing, a preposition plus “which or who” goes at the front of the clause; in informal writing the preposition goes at the end of the clause.
Transposition:
Is when the position of the “phrases” in a sentence can change his place and the meaning isn’t affected, for example: Barbara handed the results to Alan on Tuesday, is the same as, the results Barbara handed to Alan on
Tuesday.
Substitution: Is when one or more words can be substituted by another word such as: them, his, and her, for example: Barbara handed the intriguing results of the latest examination to Alan on Tuesday, it changes to, Barbara handed them to Alan on Tuesday. Phrase:
Is a slot in which one or more words can occur, or indeed in which other phrases can occur.
Phrases, words and slots
Coordination:
they are words that coordinate or join phrases and clauses such as “and” and “or”.
The “phrase” is a sequence of words and they could be one or more words, they can be extended indefinitely, and exist different types of phrases and they have different type of head words, for example: “The “noun phrase” is a phrase that has a “noun” as its head, “preposition phrase” is when a phrase has a “preposition” as a head word, “adjective phrase” is when the head word is an adverb in a phrase.
Constructions
Different constructions and different meanings:
Exist basic clauses and more complex clauses, there are different constructions and they have different emphasis; passive clauses shows which is the starting point of a sentence and show who suffers the action, however, active clauses take as their starting point the participant who carries out an action, who is active in a given situation.
Types of construction:
The verb “be” is known as “copula” and there are two types of “copula” the “declarative” the one who is structured for making statements, while the interrogative” can have the structure used for asking questions. Exist “. YES–NO interrogatives, they are used for asking questions such as “did he phone" and WH interrogatives are used for asking questions about participants in a situation: Who phoned?
Relationships between constructions:
There are two types of constructions “declarative constructions” (the most used in English) and “interrogative constructions” they can be active or passive