Factorial Designs In some experimental situations, it is not enough to know the effect of a single treatment on an outcome; several treatments may, in fact, provide a better explanation for the outcome. Factorial designs represent a modification of the between group design in which the researcher studies two or more categorical, independent variables, each examined at two or more levels (Vogt, 2005). The purpose of this design is to study the independent and simultaneous effects of two or more independent treatment variables on an outcome.For example, in our civics–smoking experiment, the researcher may want to examine more than the effect of the type of instruction (i.e., lecture on health hazards of smoking versus standard lecture) on frequency of smoking. Assume that the experimenter wishes to examine the combined influence of type of instruction and level of depression in students (e.g., high, medium, and low scores on a depression scale) on rates of smoking (as the post test). Assume further that the investigator has reason to believe that depression is an important factor in rates of teen smoking, but its “interaction” or combination with type of smoking is unknown. The study of this research problem requires a factorial design. Thus, “depression” is a blocking or moderating variable and the researcher makes random assignment of each “block” (high, medium, and low) to each treatment instructional group. This design has the advantage of a high level of control in the experiment. It allows the investigator to examine the combination or interaction of independent variables to better understand the results of the experiment. If only a posttest is used, internal validity threats of testing and instrumentation do not exist. If you randomly assign individuals to groups, you minimize the threats related to participants and their experiences (history, maturation, regression, selection, mortality, and interaction of selection and other factors).However, with multiple independent variables in a factorial design, the statistical procedures become more complex and the actual results become more difficult to understand. What does it mean, for example, that depression and type of instruction interact to influence smoking rates among teens? Which independent variable is more important and why? As researchers manipulate additional independent variables, more participants are needed in each group for statistical tests, and the interpretation of results becomes more complex. Because of this complexity, factorial designs typically include at most three independent variables manipulated by the researcher.
Let’s examine more closely the steps in the process of conducting a factorial design. The researcher identifies a research question that includes two independent variables and one dependent variable, such as “Do rates of smoking vary under different combinations of type of instruction and levels of depression?”
To answer this question, the experimenter identifies the levels of each factor or inde- pendent variable:
◆ Factor 1—types of instruction
• Level 1—a health-hazards lecture in civics class • Level 2—a standard lecture in civics class
◆ Factor 2—levels of depression • Level 1—high
• Level 2—medium
• Level 3—low
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