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Regulatory stipulationsRegulatory requirements for herbal medicinal products (HMP) are clearly regulated in the EU (Vlietinck et al., 2009), in the USA and in many other countries. Food supplements have not been defined to the same extent but are covered by food law within the EU (EFSA, 2009; EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA), 2011) and by cGMP for dietary supplements in the USA since June 2007 (United States of America Congress, 1994; FDA, 2012). In contrast to this, Brazil has only just begun to stipulate official regulations for herbal products used in medicinal products, dietary and food supplements. Hence the quality aspect has been brought up more in discussions in recent years and the quality of reference standards and the pertinent documentation will play an important role in this respect. All globally operating manufacturers of drugs and medicinal products are affected by the guidelines drawn up by WHO, ISO and NIST, as well as by monographs of such pharmacopoeias as the European or United States Pharmacopoeia, which define and provide general and plant-specific requirements for the quality and quality control of plant-based products. Some fundamental requirements for the establishment, documentation and use of reference standards regarding active pharmaceutical ingredients can be found in the Note for Guidance on Good Manufacturing Practice for Active PharmaceuticalIngredients (EMA, 2000b). Although they are not legally binding, ISO Guides 30-35 (International Organisation for Standardization, 1997, 2000a,b, 2006, 2008, 2009) are more essential for reference standard users. ISO Guide 30, for example, which defines a certified reference material (CRM) as follows: "Reference material, accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose property values are certified by a procedure which establishes its traceability to an accurate realization of the unit in which the property values are expressed, and for which each certified value is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level of confidence."Particularly important for manufacturers in the pharmaceutical sector, or third parties who establish standards themselves instead of using pharmacopoeial standards, is that each set of rules and standards (ISO Guides and EP) contains cross-references to the other one. Any deviations must be documented with evidence of their equivalence, even if parts of documents, such as Section 5.12 "Reference standards" of the EP only have a virtually binding effect within the pharmacopoeia's scope of application. Furthermore, "Reference standards are shown to be suitable for their intended purpose; they are not necessarily suitable for other purposes." is an important principle laid down in the EP. The CRS standards fulfil these specifications in full consequence. Hence reference standards are an important tool to not only ensure analytical quality and method transfer but also to guarantee the safety of herbal products, including theraw material, extracts, pharmaceutical formulations and food or dietary supplements.
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