factors are operative. An important factor not included is the role of terjemahan - factors are operative. An important factor not included is the role of Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

factors are operative. An important

factors are operative. An important factor not included is the role of the increased hydrophobicity of the active site when the
substrates are bound. The role of hydrophobicity in the active site during catalysis is one of the least known and appreciated
factors in enzyme catalysis. A good example is synthesis of glutathione from
g
-glutamylcysteine and glycine, using ATP as the
energy source (a three-substrate reaction). This reaction is catalyzed by glutathione synthetase. After the three substrates bind
stereospecifically into the active site, the active site is closed by a “lid” consisting of a 17-amino-acid loop in the enzyme. This
protects the transition state intermediates from competition with water [60]. The rate constant ko is 151 sec
for the synthesis.
Using recombinant DNA technology, Kato et al. [60] replaced the 17-amino-acid loop with a sequence of three glycine
residues, so that the active site could not close. The ko for the mutant enzyme is 0.163 sec
-1
, which is 1 × 10
that of the wildtype
enzyme. Loop replacement did not appear to cause any other change in the physical structure of the enzyme.
7.6 Enzyme Cofactors
Some enzymes, especially the hydrolases, are composed only of amino acids. The catalytic activity of the active site is the result
of specific binding and catalysis due to specific side chains of amino acid residues (Table 9). These prototropic groups alone,
such as the imidazole group of His57, carboxyl group of Asp102, and the hydroxyl group of Ser195 of chymotrypsin, are sufficient
for the catalytic performance of some enzymes (Fig. 25).
The pathway for chymotrypsin-catalyzed reactions has been described [10]. A stereospecific adsorptive complex is formed
between the substrate and enzyme (Fig. 25, structure A). The imidazole group of His57 acts as a general base to stretch the H-O
bond of the hydroxyl group of Ser195, thus facilitating the nucleophilic attack of the O of Ser-OH on the carbonyl carbon of the
peptide bond of the substrate. This leads initially to formation of a tetrahedral intermediate (structure B) followed by formation of
the acylenzyme intermediate by expulsion of the R' group of the substrate (structure C). In the deacylation process, the imidazole
group acts as a general base to extract a proton from water to facilitate the attack of the active site-generated hydroxide ion at
the carbonyl group of the acylenzyme (structure D). In formation of the second transition-state intermediate (structure E), the
imidazole group acts as a general acid in deacylation of the acylenzyme (structure F). The action of His57 as a general base
(acylation step) and
 
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factors are operative. An important factor not included is the role of the increased hydrophobicity of the active site when the
substrates are bound. The role of hydrophobicity in the active site during catalysis is one of the least known and appreciated
factors in enzyme catalysis. A good example is synthesis of glutathione from
g
-glutamylcysteine and glycine, using ATP as the
energy source (a three-substrate reaction). This reaction is catalyzed by glutathione synthetase. After the three substrates bind
stereospecifically into the active site, the active site is closed by a “lid” consisting of a 17-amino-acid loop in the enzyme. This
protects the transition state intermediates from competition with water [60]. The rate constant ko is 151 sec
for the synthesis.
Using recombinant DNA technology, Kato et al. [60] replaced the 17-amino-acid loop with a sequence of three glycine
residues, so that the active site could not close. The ko for the mutant enzyme is 0.163 sec
-1
, which is 1 × 10
that of the wildtype
enzyme. Loop replacement did not appear to cause any other change in the physical structure of the enzyme.
7.6 Enzyme Cofactors
Some enzymes, especially the hydrolases, are composed only of amino acids. The catalytic activity of the active site is the result
of specific binding and catalysis due to specific side chains of amino acid residues (Table 9). These prototropic groups alone,
such as the imidazole group of His57, carboxyl group of Asp102, and the hydroxyl group of Ser195 of chymotrypsin, are sufficient
for the catalytic performance of some enzymes (Fig. 25).
The pathway for chymotrypsin-catalyzed reactions has been described [10]. A stereospecific adsorptive complex is formed
between the substrate and enzyme (Fig. 25, structure A). The imidazole group of His57 acts as a general base to stretch the H-O
bond of the hydroxyl group of Ser195, thus facilitating the nucleophilic attack of the O of Ser-OH on the carbonyl carbon of the
peptide bond of the substrate. This leads initially to formation of a tetrahedral intermediate (structure B) followed by formation of
the acylenzyme intermediate by expulsion of the R' group of the substrate (structure C). In the deacylation process, the imidazole
group acts as a general base to extract a proton from water to facilitate the attack of the active site-generated hydroxide ion at
the carbonyl group of the acylenzyme (structure D). In formation of the second transition-state intermediate (structure E), the
imidazole group acts as a general acid in deacylation of the acylenzyme (structure F). The action of His57 as a general base
(acylation step) and
 
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faktor yang operatif. Salah satu faktor penting yang tidak termasuk adalah peran peningkatan hidrofobisitas situs aktif ketika
substrat terikat. Peran hidrofobisitas dalam situs aktif selama katalisis adalah salah satu yang paling dikenal dan dihargai
faktor dalam katalisis enzim. Sebuah contoh yang baik adalah sintesis glutathione dari
g
-glutamylcysteine ​​dan glisin, menggunakan ATP sebagai
sumber energi (reaksi tiga-substrat). Reaksi ini dikatalisis oleh glutation sintetase. Setelah tiga substrat mengikat
stereospecifically ke situs aktif, situs aktif ditutup oleh "tutup" yang terdiri dari sebuah loop 17-asam amino dalam enzim. Ini
melindungi intermediet keadaan transisi dari persaingan dengan air [60]. Tingkat konstan ko adalah 151 detik
untuk sintesis.
Menggunakan teknologi DNA rekombinan, Kato et al. [60] diganti loop 17-asam amino dengan urutan tiga glisin
residu, sehingga sisi aktif tidak bisa menutup. The ko untuk enzim mutan adalah 0,163 detik
-1
, yaitu 1 × 10
bahwa dari wildtype
enzim. Pengganti lingkaran tampaknya tidak menyebabkan perubahan lain dalam struktur fisik dari enzim.
7.6 Enzim Koenzim
Beberapa enzim, terutama hidrolase, terdiri hanya dari asam amino. Aktivitas katalitik dari situs aktif adalah hasil
dari mengikat dan katalis tertentu karena rantai samping spesifik residu asam amino (Tabel 9). Kelompok-kelompok prototropik saja,
seperti kelompok imidazol dari His57, gugus karboksil dari Asp102, dan kelompok hidroksil dari Ser195 dari kimotripsin, yang cukup
untuk kinerja katalitik beberapa enzim (Gambar. 25).
Jalur untuk reaksi kimotripsin-katalis memiliki telah dijelaskan [10]. Sebuah kompleks serap stereospesifik terbentuk
antara substrat dan enzim (Gambar. 25, struktur A). Kelompok imidazole tindakan His57 sebagai dasar umum untuk meregangkan HO
ikatan gugus hidroksil dari Ser195, sehingga memfasilitasi serangan nukleofilik dari O dari Ser-OH pada karbon karbonil dari
ikatan peptida substrat. Hal ini menyebabkan awalnya untuk pembentukan tetrahedral menengah (struktur B) diikuti dengan pembentukan
satu acylenzyme menengah dengan pengusiran kelompok R 'substrat (struktur C). Dalam proses deacylation, yang imidazol
kelompok bertindak sebagai dasar umum untuk mengekstrak proton dari air untuk memfasilitasi serangan dari ion hidroksida situs yang dihasilkan aktif pada
gugus karbonil dari acylenzyme (struktur D). Dalam pembentukan kedua transisi negara menengah (struktur E), yang
kelompok imidazol bertindak sebagai asam umum dalam deacylation dari acylenzyme (struktur F). Tindakan His57 sebagai dasar umum
(asilasi langkah) dan -1 -3
 

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