5. Conclusions and recommendationsIn general, academics engage in know terjemahan - 5. Conclusions and recommendationsIn general, academics engage in know Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

5. Conclusions and recommendationsI

5. Conclusions and recommendations
In general, academics engage in knowledge sharing in respect of various different types of
knowledge; knowledge associated with research, and teaching and learning is shared most
frequently. There is evidence to support the belief that there is an implicit knowledge sharing
culture in universities. For example, in general, academics had positive attitudes and intentions
PAGE 130 jJOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENTj VOL. 17 NO. 1 2013
towards knowledge sharing. Coupled with this they had a high level of expectation of some
personal benefits or rewards as an outcome of their knowledge sharing. Specifically, they
expected their engagement in knowledge sharing to improve and extend their relationships
with colleagues, and to offer opportunities for internal promotion and career development in
other universities. They were also conscious of a cultural normsuch that they believed that both
managers and colleagues expected to participate in knowledge sharing. These findings are
broadly consistent with those of the only other study on knowledge sharing in universities. In
their study on knowledge sharing in a specialist university in Malaysia, Cheng et al.’s (2009)
found that academics are motivated to share if they perceive the incentives and reward
mechanisms to encourage knowledge sharing, even if there is no immediate reward or pay-off.
In contrast to the above evidence of an embedded knowledge culture, responses on the
quality of the contribution of leadership, information technology and organisational structure
in supporting knowledge sharing are neutral. It may be that either the experience of
respondents is that these do not impact to any significant extent on their knowledge sharing,
or that they do so, but in an unremarkable way. In passing, it is useful to observe that
responses on the contribution of leadership to knowledge sharing have a relatively large
range, possibly hinting that experiences are different in different departments. Another
explanation for the neutrality of the responses on leadership, information technology and
organisational structure may lie in respondents’ relatively low level of affiliation to their
university, their perceptions of a relatively high level of autonomy, and their high level of
affiliation to their discipline.
In summary, we conclude that universities do have an embedded knowledge culture, but
that culture is individualistic in nature and to some extent self-serving. This poses interesting
challenges for universities that seek to engage in initiatives that might improve the ways in
which knowledge is created, shared and disseminated. Further research would support the
development of intelligent and appropriate approaches to capitalising on the existing
knowledge culture in universities.
This study makes a useful contribution to the understanding of knowledge sharing and
knowledge cultures in universities, but like most research it has limitations. These limitations,
together with suggestions for further research are listed below:
B The use of a survey based approach. This approach, whilst offering a profile of
behaviours and attitudes, does not develop a deeper understanding of context of
knowledge sharing processes. Further case study based research would be useful.
B The UK-based context of the study. It would be interesting to explore knowledge sharing
in universities in other countries, in order to understand the impact of different tenure and
promotion regimes, and different national cultures.
B The study’s cross-disciplinary approach. A further study to examine any differences
between disciplines would be useful.
B The study’s dependence on the academics perspective on knowledge sharing and
knowledge cultures. Further research might, for example, investigate the perspectives of
senior managers, and support staff.
B The lack of any exploration of the strategic and performance-related consequences of
knowledge sharing. Further research could first establish measures of the extent of
knowledge sharing in a university, and then investigate the link between knowledge
sharing and measures of organisational success, such as growth, innovation, research
output, and reputation.
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5. Conclusions and recommendationsIn general, academics engage in knowledge sharing in respect of various different types ofknowledge; knowledge associated with research, and teaching and learning is shared mostfrequently. There is evidence to support the belief that there is an implicit knowledge sharingculture in universities. For example, in general, academics had positive attitudes and intentionsPAGE 130 jJOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENTj VOL. 17 NO. 1 2013towards knowledge sharing. Coupled with this they had a high level of expectation of somepersonal benefits or rewards as an outcome of their knowledge sharing. Specifically, theyexpected their engagement in knowledge sharing to improve and extend their relationshipswith colleagues, and to offer opportunities for internal promotion and career development inother universities. They were also conscious of a cultural normsuch that they believed that bothmanagers and colleagues expected to participate in knowledge sharing. These findings arebroadly consistent with those of the only other study on knowledge sharing in universities. Intheir study on knowledge sharing in a specialist university in Malaysia, Cheng et al.’s (2009)found that academics are motivated to share if they perceive the incentives and rewardmechanisms to encourage knowledge sharing, even if there is no immediate reward or pay-off.In contrast to the above evidence of an embedded knowledge culture, responses on thequality of the contribution of leadership, information technology and organisational structurein supporting knowledge sharing are neutral. It may be that either the experience ofrespondents is that these do not impact to any significant extent on their knowledge sharing,or that they do so, but in an unremarkable way. In passing, it is useful to observe thatresponses on the contribution of leadership to knowledge sharing have a relatively largerange, possibly hinting that experiences are different in different departments. Anotherexplanation for the neutrality of the responses on leadership, information technology andorganisational structure may lie in respondents’ relatively low level of affiliation to theiruniversity, their perceptions of a relatively high level of autonomy, and their high level ofaffiliation to their discipline.In summary, we conclude that universities do have an embedded knowledge culture, butthat culture is individualistic in nature and to some extent self-serving. This poses interestingchallenges for universities that seek to engage in initiatives that might improve the ways inwhich knowledge is created, shared and disseminated. Further research would support thedevelopment of intelligent and appropriate approaches to capitalising on the existingknowledge culture in universities.This study makes a useful contribution to the understanding of knowledge sharing andknowledge cultures in universities, but like most research it has limitations. These limitations,together with suggestions for further research are listed below:B The use of a survey based approach. This approach, whilst offering a profile ofbehaviours and attitudes, does not develop a deeper understanding of context ofknowledge sharing processes. Further case study based research would be useful.B The UK-based context of the study. It would be interesting to explore knowledge sharingin universities in other countries, in order to understand the impact of different tenure andpromotion regimes, and different national cultures.B The study’s cross-disciplinary approach. A further study to examine any differencesbetween disciplines would be useful.B The study’s dependence on the academics perspective on knowledge sharing andknowledge cultures. Further research might, for example, investigate the perspectives ofsenior managers, and support staff.B The lack of any exploration of the strategic and performance-related consequences ofknowledge sharing. Further research could first establish measures of the extent ofknowledge sharing in a university, and then investigate the link between knowledgesharing and measures of organisational success, such as growth, innovation, researchoutput, and reputation.
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5. Kesimpulan dan rekomendasi
Secara umum, akademisi terlibat dalam berbagi pengetahuan dalam hal berbagai jenis
pengetahuan; pengetahuan yang terkait dengan penelitian, dan pengajaran dan pembelajaran dibagi paling
sering. Ada bukti untuk mendukung keyakinan bahwa ada pengetahuan implisit berbagi
budaya di universitas-universitas. Misalnya, secara umum, akademisi memiliki sikap dan niat positif
HALAMAN 130 jJOURNAL PENGETAHUAN MANAGEMENTj VOL. 17 NO. 1 2013
terhadap berbagi pengetahuan. Ditambah dengan ini mereka memiliki tingkat harapan yang tinggi dari beberapa
keuntungan pribadi atau imbalan sebagai hasil dari berbagi pengetahuan mereka. Secara khusus, mereka
diharapkan keterlibatan mereka dalam berbagi pengetahuan untuk meningkatkan dan memperluas hubungan mereka
dengan rekan-rekan, dan menawarkan kesempatan untuk promosi internal dan pengembangan karir di
perguruan tinggi lain. Mereka juga sadar dari normsuch budaya yang mereka percaya bahwa kedua
manajer dan rekan diharapkan untuk berpartisipasi dalam berbagi pengetahuan. Temuan-temuan ini
secara luas konsisten dengan satu-satunya studi lain pada berbagi pengetahuan di perguruan tinggi. Dalam
studi mereka pada berbagi pengetahuan di universitas spesialis di Malaysia, Cheng et al. (2009)
menemukan bahwa akademisi termotivasi untuk berbagi jika mereka merasakan insentif dan reward
mekanisme untuk mendorong berbagi pengetahuan, bahkan jika tidak ada imbalan langsung atau membayar-off.
Berbeda dengan bukti atas budaya pengetahuan tertanam, tanggapan pada
kualitas kontribusi kepemimpinan, teknologi informasi dan struktur organisasi
dalam mendukung berbagi pengetahuan yang netral. Mungkin baik pengalaman
responden adalah bahwa ini tidak berdampak ke sebagian signifikan pada berbagi pengetahuan mereka,
atau bahwa mereka melakukannya, tetapi dengan cara yang biasa-biasa saja. Secara sepintas, hal ini berguna untuk mengamati bahwa
tanggapan pada kontribusi kepemimpinan untuk berbagi pengetahuan memiliki relatif besar
jangkauan, mungkin mengisyaratkan bahwa pengalaman yang berbeda di departemen yang berbeda. Lain
penjelasan untuk netralitas tanggapan tentang kepemimpinan, teknologi informasi dan
struktur organisasi mungkin terletak pada tingkat yang relatif rendah responden afiliasi untuk mereka
di universitas, persepsi mereka tentang tingkat yang relatif tinggi otonomi, dan tingkat tinggi dari
afiliasi disiplin mereka.
Singkatnya, kami menyimpulkan bahwa universitas memiliki budaya pengetahuan tertanam, tapi
budaya yang individualistik di alam dan sampai batas tertentu mementingkan diri sendiri. Hal ini menimbulkan menarik
tantangan bagi perguruan tinggi yang berusaha untuk terlibat dalam inisiatif yang dapat meningkatkan cara-cara
yang pengetahuan diciptakan, dibagi dan disebarluaskan. Penelitian lebih lanjut akan mendukung
pengembangan pendekatan yang cerdas dan tepat untuk memanfaatkan yang ada
budaya pengetahuan di perguruan tinggi.
Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi yang bermanfaat untuk memahami berbagi pengetahuan dan
budaya pengetahuan di perguruan tinggi, tapi seperti kebanyakan penelitian memiliki keterbatasan. Keterbatasan ini,
bersama dengan saran untuk penelitian lebih lanjut adalah sebagai berikut:
B Penggunaan pendekatan berbasis survei. Pendekatan ini, sementara menawarkan profil
perilaku dan sikap, tidak mengembangkan pemahaman yang lebih dalam konteks
proses berbagi pengetahuan. Penelitian berdasarkan studi kasus lebih lanjut akan berguna.
b Konteks yang berbasis di Inggris penelitian. Akan menarik untuk mengeksplorasi berbagi pengetahuan
di perguruan tinggi di negara-negara lain, untuk memahami dampak dari kepemilikan dan berbeda
promosi rezim, dan budaya nasional yang berbeda.
b pendekatan lintas-disiplin studi ini. Sebuah studi lebih lanjut untuk menguji perbedaan
antara disiplin akan berguna.
b ketergantungan Studi pada perspektif akademisi pada berbagi pengetahuan dan
budaya pengetahuan. Penelitian lebih lanjut mungkin, misalnya, menyelidiki perspektif
manajer senior, dan mendukung staf.
B Tidak adanya eksplorasi konsekuensi strategis dan terkait kinerja
berbagi pengetahuan. Penelitian lebih lanjut pertama bisa menetapkan ukuran tingkat
berbagi pengetahuan di universitas, dan kemudian menyelidiki hubungan antara pengetahuan
berbagi dan ukuran keberhasilan organisasi, seperti pertumbuhan, inovasi, penelitian
output, dan reputasi.
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