Sustainable competitive advantage in service industries: ABharadwaj, S terjemahan - Sustainable competitive advantage in service industries: ABharadwaj, S Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Sustainable competitive advantage i

Sustainable competitive advantage in service industries: A
Bharadwaj, Sundar G; Varadarajan, P Rajan; Fahy, John Journal of Marketing; Oct 1993; 57, 4; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 83
Sundar G. Bharadwaj, P. Rajan Varadarajan, & John Fahy
Sustainable Competitive Advantage
in Service Industries: A Conceptual
Model and Research Propositions
The purpose of competitive strategy is to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) and thereby enhance a business's performance. The authors focus on the distinctive organizational skills and resources underlying SCA in service industries and the moderating effects of the characteristics of services, service industries, and firms within an industry on the skills and resources underlying a business's competitive positional advantages. The pro¬posed conceptual model of SCA in service industries and propositions builds on relevant literature in the fields of marketing, strategic management, and industrial organization economics.

D
URING the past two decades, marketing scholars have fo-cused on a broad range of issues pertaining to the mar-keting of services, as evidenced by two recent reviews of ex-tant literature on services marketing (Fisk, Brown, and Bit-ner 1993; Swartz, Bowen, and Brown 1992). The emer-gence of services marketing as a distinct body of literature notwithstanding, there seems to be broad consensus that the boundary delineating services from goods is somewhat fluid. Often significant service components are integral to the consumption/use of tangible goods (e.g., automobiles, household appliances), as are significant tangible elements to the consumption/use of services (e.g., car rentals, air travel). As evidenced by Shostack's (1977) characterization of products (goods and services) in terms of the proportion of physical goods and intangible services they contain, there are few pure goods or services. Recognizing the fluid nature of the boundary delineating services from goods, the molecular model (Shostack 1977) views all market entities as exhibiting varying levels of tangible and intangible ele-ments, and services as intangibles-dominant market enti-ties. Along similar lines Berry and Parasuraman (1991) sug-gest that if the source of a product's' core benefit is more tan¬gible than intangible, it should be considered a good, and if it is more intangible than tangible, it should be considered a service. In addition to intangibility, inseparability/simulta-neity, heterogeneity, and perishability are generally viewed as the distinguishing characteristics of services.
We focus on organizational skills and resources under-lying the competitive advantages of service businesses, and the moderating effects of the characteristics of services, ser¬vice industries, and firms within an industry on the skills
'Unless stated otherwise, the term "product" is used in the article to en¬compass both goods and services.
Sundar G. Bharadwaj is Assistant Professor of Marketing, Emory Univer¬sity. P. Rajan Varadarajan is Foley's Professor of Retailing and Marketing, Texas A&M University. John Fahy is Lecturer in Marketing, Trinity College, University of Dublin. The authors thank A. Parasuraman, Leonard L. Berry, the anonymous M reviewers, and Thomas C. Kinnear for their detailed and constructive comments.

and resources underlying a business's competitive posi¬tional advantages. Though an extensive body of literature fo-cusing on a broad range of issues pertaining to competitive advantage has been published to date, this article is based on the premise that a closer examination of the sources of competitive advantage in the context of service industries can provide unique managerial insights into strategic prob-lems and opportunities that may not be readily apparent from an examination of the sustainable competitive advan¬tage (SCA) related issues at a more aggregate level. As Shostack (1977, p. 75) notes, "the greater the weight of in¬tangible elements in a market entity, the greater will be the divergence from product marketing in priorities and ap-proach." Recent reviews of literature on services marketing and management also allude to the dearth of strategic empha¬sis in extant literature (Fisk, Brown, and Bitner 1993; Swartz, Bowen, and Brown 1992). Against this backdrop, we provide insights into the sources of SCA in service indus-tries by reviewing and integrating research on SCA-related issues explored in the fields of marketing, strategic manage-ment and industrial organization economics and exploring the implications of the distinctive characteristics of service industries and firms for achieving SCA. The paper is or-ganized as follows: First, an overview of the concept of SCA is presented. Second, a contingency model of SCA in service industries is proposed. Third, the moderating effects of the characteristics of services, service industries, and firms within an industry on potential sources of SCA are ex-plored and the propositions presented. We conclude with a discussion on managerial implications and future research directions.
The Concept of Sustainable
Competitive Advantage:
An Overview
In most industries, some firms are more profitable than oth¬ers, regardless of whether the average profitability of the in¬dustry is high or low. The superior performers conceivably possess something special and hard to imitate that allows



Journal of Marketing
Vol. 57 (October 1993), 83-99

Sustainable Competitive Advantage / 83

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

them to outperform their rivals. These unique skills and as-sets (resources) are referred to as sources of competitive ad-vantage in strategy literature.2 Competitive advantage can re¬sult either from implementing a value-creating strategy not simultaneously being implemented by any current or poten¬tial competitors (Barney, McWilliams, and Turk 1989; Bar¬ney 1991) or through superior execution of the same strat¬egy as competitors. Sustainability is achieved when the ad¬vantage resists erosion by competitor behavior (Porter 1985, p.20). In other words, the skills and resources under¬lying a business's competitive advantage must resist dupli¬cation by other firms (Barney 1991). Case in point:
ServiceMaster is a company that manages support ser¬vices for hospitals, schools, and industrial companies. It su-pervises the employees of customers' organizations en¬gaged in housekeeping, food service, and equipment main-tenance. The company has been successful in using its unique resources and skills (specifically, system econ¬omies and specialized management skills) to raise the qual¬ity of its customers' maintenance services and at the same time lowering their costs. Using its data base (a firm-specific resource), which covers more than a decade of maintenance history on several millon pieces of equip¬ment at thousands of locations, ServiceMaster can deter¬mine objectively how its customers' facilities should be maintained, when equipment purchases and maintenance will pay off, and when parts should be replaced. The ef¬fectiveness of ServiceMaster's systems are reportedly such that its customers often invest jointly in new equip¬ment and share the resulting productivity gains (see Quinn, Doorley, and Paquette 1990).
Conditions for Sustainable Competitive Advantage
A number of studies have explored the conditions under which a business's competitive advantage is sustainable (cf. Barney 1991; Coyne 1985). Barney lists four essential re¬quirements for a resource/skill to be a source of SCA:
• It must be valuable;
• It must be rare among a firm's current and potential competitors
• It must be imperfectly imitable; and
• There must not be any strategically equivalent substitutes for this resource/skill.
Firm resources and skills are considered valuable when they aid a firm in formulating and implementing strategies that improve its efficiency and/or effectiveness. However, if certain resources/skills are possessed by a large number of present or potential competitors, they cannot be a source of SCA. Valuable and rare organizational resources/skills can be sources of SCA only if firms that do not possess these re¬sources cannot obtain them (as a direct consequence of a ca¬pability gap [Coyne 1985], die critical resources being im¬perfectly imitable [Lippman and Rumelt 1982; Coyne 1985; Barney 1986a; 1986b]). The final requirement for a re¬source/skill to be a source of SCA is that the resource/skill be nonsubstitutable. Substitutability can take two forms. If a competitor cannot duplicate a firm's resources/skills ex-actly, but can substitute similar resources that enable it to
2For a discussion on the distinctive competencies/competitive capabili¬ties underlying the superior performance of two superior performers in the banking sector—Wachovia Corporation and Bank One—see Stalk, Evans and Shulman (1992, pp. 68-69).

formulate and implement identical strategies and use very different resources/skills as strategic substitutes (see Barney 1991), then a resource/skill cannot be a source of SCA.
Coyne (1985) points out that, not only must a firm have a skill or resource that its competitors do not have (i.e., there must be a capability gap), but also the capability gap must make a difference to the customer. In other words, for a business to enjoy a SCA in a product-market segment, the difference(s) between the firm and its competitors must be reflected in one or more product/delivery attributes that are key buying criteria. Furthermore, in order for a competitive advantage to be sustainable, both the key buying criteria and the underlying capability gap must be enduring. Addi¬tionally, in the face of changes in key buying criteria, the sus¬tainability of a business's competitive advantage would de¬pend on its ability to adapt to these changes and/or influ¬ence key buying criteria (see Boulding et al. 1993; Hamel and Prahalad 1991; Treacy and Wiers
0/5000
Dari: -
Ke: -
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
Sustainable competitive advantage in service industries: ABharadwaj, Sundar G; Varadarajan, P Rajan; Fahy, John Journal of Marketing; Oct 1993; 57, 4; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 83Sundar G. Bharadwaj, P. Rajan Varadarajan, & John FahySustainable Competitive Advantagein Service Industries: A ConceptualModel and Research PropositionsThe purpose of competitive strategy is to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) and thereby enhance a business's performance. The authors focus on the distinctive organizational skills and resources underlying SCA in service industries and the moderating effects of the characteristics of services, service industries, and firms within an industry on the skills and resources underlying a business's competitive positional advantages. The pro¬posed conceptual model of SCA in service industries and propositions builds on relevant literature in the fields of marketing, strategic management, and industrial organization economics. DURING the past two decades, marketing scholars have fo-cused on a broad range of issues pertaining to the mar-keting of services, as evidenced by two recent reviews of ex-tant literature on services marketing (Fisk, Brown, and Bit-ner 1993; Swartz, Bowen, and Brown 1992). The emer-gence of services marketing as a distinct body of literature notwithstanding, there seems to be broad consensus that the boundary delineating services from goods is somewhat fluid. Often significant service components are integral to the consumption/use of tangible goods (e.g., automobiles, household appliances), as are significant tangible elements to the consumption/use of services (e.g., car rentals, air travel). As evidenced by Shostack's (1977) characterization of products (goods and services) in terms of the proportion of physical goods and intangible services they contain, there are few pure goods or services. Recognizing the fluid nature of the boundary delineating services from goods, the molecular model (Shostack 1977) views all market entities as exhibiting varying levels of tangible and intangible ele-ments, and services as intangibles-dominant market enti-ties. Along similar lines Berry and Parasuraman (1991) sug-gest that if the source of a product's' core benefit is more tan¬gible than intangible, it should be considered a good, and if it is more intangible than tangible, it should be considered a service. In addition to intangibility, inseparability/simulta-neity, heterogeneity, and perishability are generally viewed as the distinguishing characteristics of services.We focus on organizational skills and resources under-lying the competitive advantages of service businesses, and the moderating effects of the characteristics of services, ser¬vice industries, and firms within an industry on the skills'Unless stated otherwise, the term "product" is used in the article to en¬compass both goods and services.Sundar G. Bharadwaj is Assistant Professor of Marketing, Emory Univer¬sity. P. Rajan Varadarajan is Foley's Professor of Retailing and Marketing, Texas A&M University. John Fahy is Lecturer in Marketing, Trinity College, University of Dublin. The authors thank A. Parasuraman, Leonard L. Berry, the anonymous M reviewers, and Thomas C. Kinnear for their detailed and constructive comments. and resources underlying a business's competitive posi¬tional advantages. Though an extensive body of literature fo-cusing on a broad range of issues pertaining to competitive advantage has been published to date, this article is based on the premise that a closer examination of the sources of competitive advantage in the context of service industries can provide unique managerial insights into strategic prob-lems and opportunities that may not be readily apparent from an examination of the sustainable competitive advan¬tage (SCA) related issues at a more aggregate level. As Shostack (1977, p. 75) notes, "the greater the weight of in¬tangible elements in a market entity, the greater will be the divergence from product marketing in priorities and ap-proach." Recent reviews of literature on services marketing and management also allude to the dearth of strategic empha¬sis in extant literature (Fisk, Brown, and Bitner 1993; Swartz, Bowen, and Brown 1992). Against this backdrop, we provide insights into the sources of SCA in service indus-tries by reviewing and integrating research on SCA-related issues explored in the fields of marketing, strategic manage-ment and industrial organization economics and exploring the implications of the distinctive characteristics of service industries and firms for achieving SCA. The paper is or-ganized as follows: First, an overview of the concept of SCA is presented. Second, a contingency model of SCA in service industries is proposed. Third, the moderating effects of the characteristics of services, service industries, and firms within an industry on potential sources of SCA are ex-plored and the propositions presented. We conclude with a discussion on managerial implications and future research directions.The Concept of SustainableCompetitive Advantage:An OverviewIn most industries, some firms are more profitable than oth¬ers, regardless of whether the average profitability of the in¬dustry is high or low. The superior performers conceivably possess something special and hard to imitate that allows Journal of MarketingVol. 57 (October 1993), 83-99 Sustainable Competitive Advantage / 83 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. them to outperform their rivals. These unique skills and as-sets (resources) are referred to as sources of competitive ad-vantage in strategy literature.2 Competitive advantage can re¬sult either from implementing a value-creating strategy not simultaneously being implemented by any current or poten¬tial competitors (Barney, McWilliams, and Turk 1989; Bar¬ney 1991) or through superior execution of the same strat¬egy as competitors. Sustainability is achieved when the ad¬vantage resists erosion by competitor behavior (Porter 1985, p.20). In other words, the skills and resources under¬lying a business's competitive advantage must resist dupli¬cation by other firms (Barney 1991). Case in point:ServiceMaster is a company that manages support ser¬vices for hospitals, schools, and industrial companies. It su-pervises the employees of customers' organizations en¬gaged in housekeeping, food service, and equipment main-tenance. The company has been successful in using its unique resources and skills (specifically, system econ¬omies and specialized management skills) to raise the qual¬ity of its customers' maintenance services and at the same time lowering their costs. Using its data base (a firm-specific resource), which covers more than a decade of maintenance history on several millon pieces of equip¬ment at thousands of locations, ServiceMaster can deter¬mine objectively how its customers' facilities should be maintained, when equipment purchases and maintenance will pay off, and when parts should be replaced. The ef¬fectiveness of ServiceMaster's systems are reportedly such that its customers often invest jointly in new equip¬ment and share the resulting productivity gains (see Quinn, Doorley, and Paquette 1990).Conditions for Sustainable Competitive Advantage
A number of studies have explored the conditions under which a business's competitive advantage is sustainable (cf. Barney 1991; Coyne 1985). Barney lists four essential re¬quirements for a resource/skill to be a source of SCA:
• It must be valuable;
• It must be rare among a firm's current and potential competitors
• It must be imperfectly imitable; and
• There must not be any strategically equivalent substitutes for this resource/skill.
Firm resources and skills are considered valuable when they aid a firm in formulating and implementing strategies that improve its efficiency and/or effectiveness. However, if certain resources/skills are possessed by a large number of present or potential competitors, they cannot be a source of SCA. Valuable and rare organizational resources/skills can be sources of SCA only if firms that do not possess these re¬sources cannot obtain them (as a direct consequence of a ca¬pability gap [Coyne 1985], die critical resources being im¬perfectly imitable [Lippman and Rumelt 1982; Coyne 1985; Barney 1986a; 1986b]). The final requirement for a re¬source/skill to be a source of SCA is that the resource/skill be nonsubstitutable. Substitutability can take two forms. If a competitor cannot duplicate a firm's resources/skills ex-actly, but can substitute similar resources that enable it to
2For a discussion on the distinctive competencies/competitive capabili¬ties underlying the superior performance of two superior performers in the banking sector—Wachovia Corporation and Bank One—see Stalk, Evans and Shulman (1992, pp. 68-69).

formulate and implement identical strategies and use very different resources/skills as strategic substitutes (see Barney 1991), then a resource/skill cannot be a source of SCA.
Coyne (1985) points out that, not only must a firm have a skill or resource that its competitors do not have (i.e., there must be a capability gap), but also the capability gap must make a difference to the customer. In other words, for a business to enjoy a SCA in a product-market segment, the difference(s) between the firm and its competitors must be reflected in one or more product/delivery attributes that are key buying criteria. Furthermore, in order for a competitive advantage to be sustainable, both the key buying criteria and the underlying capability gap must be enduring. Addi¬tionally, in the face of changes in key buying criteria, the sus¬tainability of a business's competitive advantage would de¬pend on its ability to adapt to these changes and/or influ¬ence key buying criteria (see Boulding et al. 1993; Hamel and Prahalad 1991; Treacy and Wiers
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Keunggulan kompetitif yang berkelanjutan dalam industri jasa: A
Bharadwaj, Sundar G; Varadarajan, P Rajan; Fahy, John Journal of Marketing; Oktober 1993; 57, 4; ABI / INFORM pg global. 83
Sundar G. Bharadwaj, P. Rajan Varadarajan, & John Fahy
Keunggulan Kompetitif Berkelanjutan
di Industri Jasa: Sebuah Konseptual
Model dan Penelitian Proposisi
Tujuan dari strategi bersaing adalah untuk mencapai keunggulan kompetitif yang berkelanjutan (SCA) dan dengan demikian meningkatkan kinerja bisnis. Para penulis fokus pada keterampilan khas organisasi dan sumber daya yang mendasari SCA di industri jasa dan efek moderasi dari karakteristik layanan, industri jasa, dan perusahaan dalam suatu industri pada keterampilan dan sumber daya yang mendasari keunggulan posisional kompetitif bisnis. Model konseptual yang pro¬posed SCA di industri jasa dan proposisi dibangun di atas literatur yang relevan di bidang pemasaran, manajemen strategis, dan industri organisasi ekonomi. D uring dua dekade terakhir, para sarjana pemasaran telah fo-cused pada berbagai masalah berkaitan dengan mar-marketing jasa, sebagaimana dibuktikan oleh dua ulasan terbaru mantan tant literatur tentang pemasaran jasa (Fisk, Brown, dan Bit-ner 1993; Swartz, Bowen, dan Brown 1992). The Emer-gence jasa pemasaran sebagai badan yang berbeda sastra meskipun, tampaknya ada konsensus luas bahwa batas menggambarkan layanan dari barang agak cairan. Seringkali komponen pelayanan yang signifikan merupakan bagian integral dari konsumsi / penggunaan barang berwujud (misalnya, mobil, peralatan rumah tangga), sebagai unsur nyata signifikan untuk konsumsi / penggunaan layanan (misalnya, penyewaan mobil, perjalanan udara). Yang dibuktikan dengan (1977) karakterisasi Shostack dari produk (barang dan jasa) dalam hal proporsi barang fisik dan jasa tidak berwujud yang dikandungnya, ada beberapa barang atau jasa murni. Menyadari sifat cairan dari batas menggambarkan layanan dari barang, model molekul (Shostack 1977) memandang semua entitas pasar sebagai menunjukkan berbagai tingkat berwujud dan tidak berwujud ele-KASIH, dan jasa berwujud-dominan pasar enti-ikatan. Sepanjang garis yang sama Berry dan Parasuraman (1991) sug-gest bahwa jika sumber 'manfaat inti suatu produk lebih tan¬gible dari intangible, itu harus dianggap sebagai yang baik, dan jika lebih tidak berwujud dari nyata, harus dipertimbangkan layanan. Selain intangibility, ketidakterpisahan / simulta-neity, heterogenitas, dan rusaknya umumnya dipandang sebagai karakteristik yang membedakan dari layanan. Kami fokus pada keterampilan organisasi dan sumber daya di bawah dataran keunggulan kompetitif dari bisnis jasa, dan efek moderasi dari karakteristik jasa, industri ser¬vice, dan perusahaan dalam suatu industri pada keterampilan 'Kecuali dinyatakan lain, istilah "produk" digunakan dalam artikel untuk en¬compass baik barang dan jasa. Sundar G. Bharadwaj adalah Asisten Profesor Pemasaran, Emory Univer¬sity. P. Rajan Varadarajan adalah Foley Profesor Ritel dan Pemasaran, Texas A & M University. John Fahy adalah Dosen Pemasaran, Trinity College, University of Dublin. Para penulis mengucapkan terima kasih A. Parasuraman, Leonard L. Berry, pengulas anonim M, dan Thomas C. Kinnear untuk rinci dan konstruktif komentar mereka. Dan sumber daya yang mendasari keuntungan posi¬tional kompetitif bisnis. Meskipun tubuh luas literatur fo-cusing pada berbagai isu yang berkaitan dengan keunggulan kompetitif telah diterbitkan sampai saat ini, artikel ini didasarkan pada premis bahwa pemeriksaan lebih dekat dari sumber-sumber keunggulan kompetitif dalam konteks industri jasa dapat memberikan wawasan manajerial yang unik ke dalam strategi prob-masalah-dan kesempatan yang mungkin tidak mudah terlihat dari pemeriksaan advan¬tage kompetitif yang berkelanjutan (SCA) masalah yang berkaitan pada tingkat yang lebih agregat. Sebagai Shostack (1977, p. 75) catatan, "semakin besar berat elemen in¬tangible dalam entitas pasar, semakin besar akan menjadi perbedaan dari pemasaran produk dalam prioritas dan ap-proach." Ulasan baru-baru ini literatur tentang layanan pemasaran dan manajemen juga menyinggung kelangkaan empha¬sis strategis dalam literatur yang masih ada (Fisk, Brown, dan Bitner 1993; Swartz, Bowen, dan Brown 1992). Dengan latar belakang ini, kami memberikan wawasan ke dalam sumber SCA dalam pelayanan indus-mencoba dengan meninjau dan mengintegrasikan penelitian tentang isu-isu-SCA terkait dieksplorasi di bidang pemasaran, strategi mengelola-ment dan ekonomi organisasi industri dan mengeksplorasi implikasi dari karakteristik khas dari industri jasa dan perusahaan untuk mencapai SCA. Kertas atau-negoisasi sebagai berikut: Pertama, gambaran konsep SCA disajikan. Kedua, model kontingensi dari SCA di industri jasa diusulkan. Ketiga, efek moderasi dari karakteristik layanan, industri jasa, dan perusahaan dalam suatu industri pada potensi sumber SCA adalah mantan plored dan proposisi yang disajikan. Kami menyimpulkan dengan diskusi tentang implikasi manajerial dan arah penelitian masa depan. Konsep Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Sebuah Tinjauan Dalam sebagian besar industri, beberapa perusahaan yang lebih menguntungkan daripada oth¬ers, terlepas dari apakah profitabilitas rata-rata in¬dustry yang tinggi atau rendah. Para pemain unggul dibayangkan memiliki sesuatu yang istimewa dan sulit untuk meniru yang memungkinkan Journal of Marketing Vol. 57 (Oktober 1993), 83-99 Berkelanjutan Keunggulan Kompetitif / 83 Reproduksi dengan izin dari pemilik hak cipta. Reproduksi lanjut dilarang tanpa izin. Mereka untuk mengungguli saingan mereka. Keterampilan ini unik dan as-set (sumber) yang disebut sebagai sumber kompetitif ad-pandang dalam strategi literature.2 Keunggulan kompetitif dapat re¬sult baik dari menerapkan strategi penciptaan nilai tidak secara simultan dilaksanakan oleh setiap arus atau poten¬tial pesaing (Barney, McWilliams, dan Turk 1989; Bar¬ney 1991) atau melalui eksekusi unggul dari strat¬egy sama pesaing. Keberlanjutan dicapai ketika ad¬vantage yang menolak erosi oleh perilaku pesaing (Porter 1985, P.20). Dengan kata lain, keterampilan dan sumber daya under¬lying keunggulan kompetitif suatu bisnis harus menahan dupli¬cation oleh perusahaan lain (Barney 1991). Contoh kasus: ServiceMaster adalah sebuah perusahaan yang mengelola ser¬vices dukungan untuk rumah sakit, sekolah, dan perusahaan industri. Ini su-pervises karyawan organisasi pelanggan en¬gaged di rumah tangga, pelayanan makanan, dan peralatan utama-tenance. Perusahaan telah berhasil dalam menggunakan sumber daya yang unik dan keterampilan (khususnya, econ¬omies sistem dan keterampilan manajemen khusus) untuk menaikkan qual¬ity jasa pemeliharaan pelanggan 'dan pada saat yang sama menurunkan biaya mereka. Menggunakan nya data base (sumber daya spesifik perusahaan), yang mencakup lebih dari satu dekade sejarah pemeliharaan pada beberapa potong juta, dari equip¬ment di ribuan lokasi, ServiceMaster dapat deter¬mine obyektif bagaimana fasilitas pelanggan 'harus dipertahankan, ketika pembelian peralatan dan pemeliharaan akan membayar, dan ketika bagian harus diganti. The ef¬fectiveness sistem ServiceMaster ini dilaporkan sehingga pelanggan sering berinvestasi bersama-sama di equip¬ment baru dan berbagi keuntungan produktivitas yang dihasilkan (lihat Quinn, Doorley, dan Paquette 1990). Kondisi untuk Keunggulan Kompetitif Berkelanjutan Sejumlah studi telah meneliti kondisi di mana keunggulan kompetitif suatu bisnis berkelanjutan (lih Barney 1991; Coyne 1985). Barney berisi empat re¬quirements penting untuk sumber daya / keterampilan untuk menjadi sumber SCA: • Ini harus berharga; • Ini harus menjadi langka di antara pesaing suatu perusahaan saat ini dan potensi • Ini harus menjadi tidak sempurna imitable; dan • Tidak boleh saja pengganti strategis setara untuk sumber daya ini / keterampilan. sumber Firm dan keterampilan yang dianggap berharga ketika mereka membantu perusahaan dalam merumuskan dan menerapkan strategi yang meningkatkan efisiensi dan / atau efektivitas. Namun, jika sumber daya tertentu / keterampilan yang dimiliki oleh sejumlah besar pesaing hadir atau potensial, mereka tidak bisa menjadi sumber SCA. Berharga dan langka organisasi sumber / keterampilan dapat menjadi sumber dari SCA hanya jika perusahaan-perusahaan yang tidak memiliki re¬sources ini tidak bisa mendapatkan mereka (sebagai akibat langsung dari kesenjangan ca¬pability [Coyne 1985], mati sumber daya kritis menjadi im¬perfectly imitable [Lippman dan Rumelt 1982; Coyne 1985; Barney 1986a; 1986b]). Persyaratan akhir untuk re¬source / keterampilan untuk menjadi sumber SCA adalah bahwa sumber daya / skill menjadi nonsubstitutable. Substitusi dapat mengambil dua bentuk. Jika pesaing tidak dapat menduplikasi sebuah perusahaan sumber / keterampilan mantan actly, tapi untuk menggantikan sumber serupa yang memungkinkan untuk 2Sebab diskusi tentang kompetensi khas / capabili¬ties kompetitif yang mendasari kinerja yang unggul dari dua pemain unggul di perbankan sektor-Wachovia Perusahaan dan Bank One-lihat Batang, Evans dan Shulman (1992, hlm. 68-69). merumuskan dan menerapkan strategi yang sama dan menggunakan sumber daya yang sangat berbeda / keterampilan sebagai pengganti strategis (lihat Barney 1991), maka sumber daya / keterampilan dapat menjadi sumber tidak SCA. Coyne (1985) menunjukkan bahwa, tidak hanya harus sebuah perusahaan memiliki keahlian atau sumber daya yang pesaingnya tidak memiliki (yaitu, harus ada kesenjangan kemampuan), tetapi juga kesenjangan kemampuan harus membuat perbedaan untuk pelanggan . Dengan kata lain, untuk sebuah bisnis untuk menikmati SCA di segmen produk-pasar, perbedaan (s) antara perusahaan dan pesaingnya harus tercermin dalam atribut satu atau lebih produk / pengiriman yang kriteria membeli kunci. Selanjutnya, dalam rangka untuk keunggulan kompetitif untuk menjadi berkelanjutan, baik kriteria membeli kunci dan kesenjangan kemampuan yang mendasari harus abadi. Addi¬tionally, dalam menghadapi perubahan kriteria pembelian kunci, sus¬tainability keunggulan kompetitif suatu bisnis akan de¬pend pada kemampuannya untuk beradaptasi dengan perubahan ini dan / atau influ¬ence kriteria membeli kunci (lihat Boulding et al. 1993; Hamel dan Prahalad 1991; Treacy dan Wiers


































Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
Bahasa lainnya
Dukungan alat penerjemahan: Afrikans, Albania, Amhara, Arab, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahasa Indonesia, Basque, Belanda, Belarussia, Bengali, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Burma, Cebuano, Ceko, Chichewa, China, Cina Tradisional, Denmark, Deteksi bahasa, Esperanto, Estonia, Farsi, Finlandia, Frisia, Gaelig, Gaelik Skotlandia, Galisia, Georgia, Gujarati, Hausa, Hawaii, Hindi, Hmong, Ibrani, Igbo, Inggris, Islan, Italia, Jawa, Jepang, Jerman, Kannada, Katala, Kazak, Khmer, Kinyarwanda, Kirghiz, Klingon, Korea, Korsika, Kreol Haiti, Kroat, Kurdi, Laos, Latin, Latvia, Lituania, Luksemburg, Magyar, Makedonia, Malagasi, Malayalam, Malta, Maori, Marathi, Melayu, Mongol, Nepal, Norsk, Odia (Oriya), Pashto, Polandia, Portugis, Prancis, Punjabi, Rumania, Rusia, Samoa, Serb, Sesotho, Shona, Sindhi, Sinhala, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somali, Spanyol, Sunda, Swahili, Swensk, Tagalog, Tajik, Tamil, Tatar, Telugu, Thai, Turki, Turkmen, Ukraina, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Vietnam, Wales, Xhosa, Yiddi, Yoruba, Yunani, Zulu, Bahasa terjemahan.

Copyright ©2025 I Love Translation. All reserved.

E-mail: