Most OECD countries, with the exception of the United Kingdom and Aust terjemahan - Most OECD countries, with the exception of the United Kingdom and Aust Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Most OECD countries, with the excep

Most OECD countries, with the exception of the United Kingdom and Australia, have provided some
financial assistance for environmental investments by the private sector in the form of grants, soft loans, or tax allowances. The main objectives of such subsidies are:
(a) to speed up the enforcement of direct regulations;
(b) to assist firms, especially small ones, that face cash flow problems or financial difficulties
caused by capital investments required by compliance to new regulations;
(c) to support the research, development, and introduction of pollution control equipment and
cleaner technologies.
Subsidies are financed from charges, revolving funds, and the general budget. The use of user
charges to finance collective pollution-control and treatment facilities is not considered a subsidy; only the part of the expenditures not covered by user charge revenues is considered a (hidden) subsidy. It has been estimated that environmental subsidies in Europe range between 5% and 20% of total environmental investments.
In France, most environmental subsidies are closely linked to charge systems: polluters pay for their emissions, but as much as 90% of the revenues is returned to them as refunds for environmental investment and other improvements that they make. About 10% goes to finance research and development of new technologies. Subsidies financed from the general budget are found mainly in industrial and household waste-collection and treatment.
In Germany, subsidies are financed mainly from the general budget with the aim of assisting small firms during the transition period and speeding up implementation of new environmental regulations. Revolving funds provide an additional source of financing. Subsidies are given in the form of soft loans to polluters facing strict environmental standards are being held fully accountable for their environmental costs. There is conflicting evidence as to the environmental effectiveness and economic efficiency of these subsidies. While the responsible Federal Ministry claims 100% success in emission reduction, others argue that “subsidies have no incentive impact…, but may only give rise to `windfall profits”' (OECD, 1989). The function of subsidies in speeding up the enforcement of regulations is also disputed. The economic efficiency of subsidies—that is, their contribution to optimal pollution reduction—is also reported to be low, not only because of the windfall profits they give rise to but also because subsidies are not tied to specific environmental outcomes; non-environmental criteria play a role as well. Finally, subsidies are a violation of the polluter-pays principle to the extent that part of the environmental costs are not borne by the polluters, although OECD accepted that subsidies to target groups facing difficulties, especially during well-defined transitional periods, are not
in conflict with the principle.
The United States has limited experience with environmental subsidies, which are applied mainly in waste treatment and noise abatement. The government subsidy to investment in waste water
treatment facilities was initiated in 1956 and has varied over time between 30% and 75%. The U.S. experience indicates that:
(a) with the exception of a few financially strapped communities, subsidies were not
indispensable to the waste water treatment programs;
(b) the variation in the level of subsidies over time induced a postponement of investment and
of compliance with regulations in expectation of higher subsidies; and
(c) the high subsidy share of investment costs has induced capital-intensive treatment plants
with excess capacity (OECD, 1989).
The developed country experience with environmental subsidies suggests the following lessons for
developing countries:
(a) the use of subsidies should be minimized, targeted, and of limited duration during the
transitional phase;
(b) subsidies should not be escalated, but rather, phased down over time to create incentives
for accelerated rather than delayed compliance;
(c) subsidies should not be tied to a particular technology or investment but to specific
environmental outcomes (improvements);
(d) for subsidies to be compatible with the polluter pays principle, they should be financed
from charges on polluters and given in connection with specific environmental improvements;
partial refunding of charges may help secure the industry's cooperation and willingness to pay
the charges; and
(e) subsidies from the general budget may be justified for cleaning accumulated hazardous
waste prior to the introduction of control policies, for abatement of non-point pollution or waste generated by large numbers of small and dispersed units, and for support of research and
development of new pollution abatement and cleaner production technologies.
Environmental subsidies are relevant to developing countries because their industry is dominated by a large number of small, unregistered, dispersed, and fugitive firms that cannot be easily regulated and monitored; nor can effluent charges be collected at reasonable administrative costs. Indirect instruments such as product charges, differential taxes, refundable deposits, and subsidized collection and treatment of residual waste are superior instruments under these circumstances.
Similarly, user charges may not fully cover the costs of sanitation and solid waste collection
services making subsidies unavoidable. Every effort, however, should be made to finance such
subsidies from surcharges on related public utilities and property taxes approximating as much as possible the polluter pays and beneficiary pays principles. Finally, in developing countries with little experience in pollution charges, subsidies in the form of refunded charges for environmental improvements might be indispensable for obtaining the agreement of the industry to the introduction of such charges. The great danger with subsidies in developing (as in developed) countries is that they become institutionalized in public policy and capitalized in the value of economic assets (such as land), resulting in windfall profits or capital gains with little influence on behavior towards more environmentally benign activities and practices.
0/5000
Dari: -
Ke: -
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
Kebanyakan negara OECD, dengan pengecualian Inggris dan Australia, telah memberikan beberapabantuan keuangan untuk lingkungan investasi oleh sektor swasta dalam bentuk hibah, pinjaman lunak atau tunjangan pajak. Tujuan utama dari subsidi tersebut adalah:() untuk mempercepat pelaksanaan peraturan langsung;(b) untuk membantu perusahaan-perusahaan, terutama yang kecil, yang menghadapi masalah arus kas atau kesulitan keuangandisebabkan oleh modal investasi yang dibutuhkan oleh kepatuhan terhadap peraturan baru;(c) untuk mendukung penelitian, pengembangan, dan pengenalan peralatan kontrol polusi danteknologi bersih.Subsidi dibiayai dari biaya, dana bergulir dan anggaran umum. Penggunaan penggunabiaya untuk membiayai kolektif pengendalian polusi dan perawatan fasilitas dianggap tidak subsidi; hanya bagian dari pengeluaran yang tidak tercakup oleh pengguna biaya pendapatan dianggap subsidi (tersembunyi). Diperkirakan bahwa lingkungan subsidi di Eropa berkisar antara 5% dan 20% dari total investasi lingkungan.Di Perancis, kebanyakan lingkungan subsidi terkait erat dengan biaya sistem: pencemar membayar untuk emisi mereka, tetapi sebanyak 90% dari pendapatan kembali kepada mereka sebagai pengembalian untuk lingkungan investasi dan perbaikan lainnya yang mereka buat. Sekitar 10% pergi ke keuangan penelitian dan pengembangan teknologi baru. Subsidi dibiayai dari anggaran umum ditemukan terutama dalam industri dan rumah tangga limbah-pengumpulan dan pengobatan.Di Jerman, subsidi didanai terutama dari anggaran umum dengan tujuan untuk membantu perusahaan kecil selama periode transisi dan mempercepat pelaksanaan peraturan lingkungan hidup yang baru. Dana bergulir menyediakan sumber tambahan pembiayaan. Subsidi yang diberikan dalam bentuk lembut pinjaman untuk pencemar menghadapi standar lingkungan yang ketat sedang bertanggung jawab sepenuhnya untuk biaya lingkungan hidup mereka. Ada bukti yang bertentangan mengenai lingkungan efektifitas dan efisiensi ekonomi dari subsidi ini. Sementara Kementerian Federal bertanggung jawab klaim keberhasilan 100% dalam pengurangan emisi, orang lain berpendapat bahwa "subsidi tidak berdampak insentif..., tetapi mungkin hanya memberikan naik ke ' keuntungan tak terduga"' (OECD, 1989). Fungsi subsidi mempercepat pelaksanaan peraturan juga diperdebatkan. Efisiensi ekonomi dari subsidi — yaitu kontribusi mereka terhadap pengurangan polusi optimal — juga dilaporkan menjadi rendah, tidak hanya karena keuntungan tak terduga mereka menimbulkan tetapi juga karena subsidi tidak terikat dengan hasil lingkungan tertentu; kriteria bebas-lingkungan memainkan peran serta. Akhirnya, subsidi adalah pelanggaran terhadap prinsip pencemar-membayar sejauh bahwa bagian dari biaya lingkungan tidak ditanggung oleh pencemar, meskipun OECD diterima bahwa subsidi untuk kelompok sasaran menghadapi kesulitan, khususnya selama periode transisi yang didefinisikan dengan baik, yang tidakbertentangan dengan prinsip.Amerika Serikat memiliki pengalaman dengan subsidi lingkungan, yang digunakan terutama dalam pengurangan limbah perawatan dan kebisingan yang terbatas. Subsidi pemerintah untuk investasi di air limbahfasilitas pengolahan ini dimulai pada tahun 1956 dan telah bervariasi dari waktu ke waktu antara 30% dan 75%. US pengalaman menunjukkan bahwa:() dengan the pengecualian dari beberapa kesulitan keuangan masyarakat, subsidi bukanlahdiperlukan untuk program pengobatan air limbah;(b) variasi tingkat subsidi dari waktu ke waktu diinduksi penundaan investasi dankepatuhan terhadap peraturan intensifikasi subsidi lebih tinggi; dan(c) pangsa tinggi subsidi biaya investasi telah diinduksi pengolahan padat modaldengan kelebihan kapasitas (OECD, 1989).Pengalaman negara maju dengan lingkungan subsidi menunjukkan pelajaran berikut untuknegara-negara berkembang:(a) penggunaan subsidi harus diminimalkan, ditargetkan, dan terbatas durasi selamatransisi fase;(b) subsidi harus tidak meningkat, tapi sebaliknya, bertahap turun dari waktu ke waktu untuk menciptakan insentifuntuk mempercepat daripada tertunda kepatuhan;(c) subsidi harus tidak diikat ke teknologi tertentu atau investasi tetapi spesifiklingkungan hasil (perbaikan);(d) untuk subsidi agar kompatibel dengan prinsip membayar pencemar, mereka harus dibiayaidari tuduhan pada pencemar dan diberikan sehubungan dengan perbaikan lingkungan tertentu;pengembalian parsial biaya dapat membantu mengamankan industri kerjasama dan kesediaan untuk membayarbiaya; dan(e) subsidi dari anggaran umum dapat dibenarkan untuk membersihkan akumulasi berbahayalimbah sebelum pengenalan kebijakan pengawasan, untuk pengurangan polusi bebas-titik atau limbah yang dihasilkan oleh unit kecil dan tersebar dalam jumlah besar, dan dukungan dari penelitian danPengembangan baru pengurangan polusi dan teknologi produksi yang bersih.Lingkungan subsidi relevan dengan negara-negara berkembang karena mereka industri itu didominasi oleh sejumlah besar perusahaan-perusahaan kecil, tidak terdaftar, tersebar dan buronan yang tidak dapat dengan mudah diatur dan diawasi; juga dapat limbah biaya dikumpulkan biaya administrasi yang wajar. Tidak langsung instrumen seperti biaya produk, diferensial pajak, deposito dapat dikembalikan, dan koleksi bersubsidi dan pengobatan residual limbah adalah instrumen yang unggul dalam keadaan ini.Demikian pula, pengguna mungkin tidak sepenuhnya menutupi biaya sanitasi dan pengumpulan limbah padatLayanan membuat subsidi tidak dapat dihindari. Setiap usaha, bagaimanapun, harus dibuat untuk membiayai sepertisubsidi dari surcharges pada terkait prasarana umum dan pajak properti mendekati sebanyak mungkin penyebab polusi harus bayar dan ahli waris membayar prinsip-prinsip. Akhirnya, di negara berkembang dengan sedikit pengalaman dalam biaya polusi, subsidi dalam bentuk dikembalikan biaya untuk perbaikan lingkungan mungkin diperlukan untuk mendapatkan persetujuan dari industri untuk pengenalan biaya tersebut. Bahaya besar dengan subsidi dalam mengembangkan (seperti dalam dikembangkan) negara adalah bahwa mereka menjadi dilembagakan dalam kebijakan publik dan dikapitalisasi dalam nilai aset-aset ekonomi (seperti tanah), mengakibatkan keuntungan tak terduga atau keuntungan modal dengan sedikit pengaruh pada perilaku terhadap lebih ramah lingkungan kegiatan dan praktek.
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Most OECD countries, with the exception of the United Kingdom and Australia, have provided some
financial assistance for environmental investments by the private sector in the form of grants, soft loans, or tax allowances. The main objectives of such subsidies are:
(a) to speed up the enforcement of direct regulations;
(b) to assist firms, especially small ones, that face cash flow problems or financial difficulties
caused by capital investments required by compliance to new regulations;
(c) to support the research, development, and introduction of pollution control equipment and
cleaner technologies.
Subsidies are financed from charges, revolving funds, and the general budget. The use of user
charges to finance collective pollution-control and treatment facilities is not considered a subsidy; only the part of the expenditures not covered by user charge revenues is considered a (hidden) subsidy. It has been estimated that environmental subsidies in Europe range between 5% and 20% of total environmental investments.
In France, most environmental subsidies are closely linked to charge systems: polluters pay for their emissions, but as much as 90% of the revenues is returned to them as refunds for environmental investment and other improvements that they make. About 10% goes to finance research and development of new technologies. Subsidies financed from the general budget are found mainly in industrial and household waste-collection and treatment.
In Germany, subsidies are financed mainly from the general budget with the aim of assisting small firms during the transition period and speeding up implementation of new environmental regulations. Revolving funds provide an additional source of financing. Subsidies are given in the form of soft loans to polluters facing strict environmental standards are being held fully accountable for their environmental costs. There is conflicting evidence as to the environmental effectiveness and economic efficiency of these subsidies. While the responsible Federal Ministry claims 100% success in emission reduction, others argue that “subsidies have no incentive impact…, but may only give rise to `windfall profits”' (OECD, 1989). The function of subsidies in speeding up the enforcement of regulations is also disputed. The economic efficiency of subsidies—that is, their contribution to optimal pollution reduction—is also reported to be low, not only because of the windfall profits they give rise to but also because subsidies are not tied to specific environmental outcomes; non-environmental criteria play a role as well. Finally, subsidies are a violation of the polluter-pays principle to the extent that part of the environmental costs are not borne by the polluters, although OECD accepted that subsidies to target groups facing difficulties, especially during well-defined transitional periods, are not
in conflict with the principle.
The United States has limited experience with environmental subsidies, which are applied mainly in waste treatment and noise abatement. The government subsidy to investment in waste water
treatment facilities was initiated in 1956 and has varied over time between 30% and 75%. The U.S. experience indicates that:
(a) with the exception of a few financially strapped communities, subsidies were not
indispensable to the waste water treatment programs;
(b) the variation in the level of subsidies over time induced a postponement of investment and
of compliance with regulations in expectation of higher subsidies; and
(c) the high subsidy share of investment costs has induced capital-intensive treatment plants
with excess capacity (OECD, 1989).
The developed country experience with environmental subsidies suggests the following lessons for
developing countries:
(a) the use of subsidies should be minimized, targeted, and of limited duration during the
transitional phase;
(b) subsidies should not be escalated, but rather, phased down over time to create incentives
for accelerated rather than delayed compliance;
(c) subsidies should not be tied to a particular technology or investment but to specific
environmental outcomes (improvements);
(d) for subsidies to be compatible with the polluter pays principle, they should be financed
from charges on polluters and given in connection with specific environmental improvements;
partial refunding of charges may help secure the industry's cooperation and willingness to pay
the charges; and
(e) subsidies from the general budget may be justified for cleaning accumulated hazardous
waste prior to the introduction of control policies, for abatement of non-point pollution or waste generated by large numbers of small and dispersed units, and for support of research and
development of new pollution abatement and cleaner production technologies.
Environmental subsidies are relevant to developing countries because their industry is dominated by a large number of small, unregistered, dispersed, and fugitive firms that cannot be easily regulated and monitored; nor can effluent charges be collected at reasonable administrative costs. Indirect instruments such as product charges, differential taxes, refundable deposits, and subsidized collection and treatment of residual waste are superior instruments under these circumstances.
Similarly, user charges may not fully cover the costs of sanitation and solid waste collection
services making subsidies unavoidable. Every effort, however, should be made to finance such
subsidies from surcharges on related public utilities and property taxes approximating as much as possible the polluter pays and beneficiary pays principles. Finally, in developing countries with little experience in pollution charges, subsidies in the form of refunded charges for environmental improvements might be indispensable for obtaining the agreement of the industry to the introduction of such charges. The great danger with subsidies in developing (as in developed) countries is that they become institutionalized in public policy and capitalized in the value of economic assets (such as land), resulting in windfall profits or capital gains with little influence on behavior towards more environmentally benign activities and practices.
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
Bahasa lainnya
Dukungan alat penerjemahan: Afrikans, Albania, Amhara, Arab, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahasa Indonesia, Basque, Belanda, Belarussia, Bengali, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Burma, Cebuano, Ceko, Chichewa, China, Cina Tradisional, Denmark, Deteksi bahasa, Esperanto, Estonia, Farsi, Finlandia, Frisia, Gaelig, Gaelik Skotlandia, Galisia, Georgia, Gujarati, Hausa, Hawaii, Hindi, Hmong, Ibrani, Igbo, Inggris, Islan, Italia, Jawa, Jepang, Jerman, Kannada, Katala, Kazak, Khmer, Kinyarwanda, Kirghiz, Klingon, Korea, Korsika, Kreol Haiti, Kroat, Kurdi, Laos, Latin, Latvia, Lituania, Luksemburg, Magyar, Makedonia, Malagasi, Malayalam, Malta, Maori, Marathi, Melayu, Mongol, Nepal, Norsk, Odia (Oriya), Pashto, Polandia, Portugis, Prancis, Punjabi, Rumania, Rusia, Samoa, Serb, Sesotho, Shona, Sindhi, Sinhala, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somali, Spanyol, Sunda, Swahili, Swensk, Tagalog, Tajik, Tamil, Tatar, Telugu, Thai, Turki, Turkmen, Ukraina, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Vietnam, Wales, Xhosa, Yiddi, Yoruba, Yunani, Zulu, Bahasa terjemahan.

Copyright ©2025 I Love Translation. All reserved.

E-mail: