Conversion theory In 1980 Moscovici supplemented his earlier genetic m terjemahan - Conversion theory In 1980 Moscovici supplemented his earlier genetic m Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Conversion theory In 1980 Moscovici

Conversion theory
In 1980 Moscovici supplemented his earlier genetic model of social influence with his conversion theory (Moscovici, 1980, 1985a). Conversion theory remains the dominant explanation of minority influence. The genetic model focused largely on how a minority's behavioural style (in particular, attributions based on the minority's consistent behaviour) could enhance its influence over a majority, whereas conversion theory is a more cognitive account of how a member of the majority processes the minority's message.
Moscovici argued that majorities and minorities exert influence through different processes. Majority influence produces direct public compliance for reasons of normative




or informational dependence. People engage in a comparison process in which they concen-trate attention on what others say to know how to fit in with them. Majority views are accepted passively without much thought. The outcome is public compliance with major-ity views with little or no private attitude change.
In contrast, minority influence produces indirect, often latent, private change in opin-ion due to the cognitive conflict and restructuring that deviant ideas produce. People engage in a validation process in which they carefully examine and cogitate over the valid-ity of their beliefs. The outcome is little or no overt public agreement with the minority, for fear of being viewed as a member of the minority, but a degree of private internal attitude change that may only surface later on. Minorities produce a conversion effect as a conse-quence of active consideration of the minority point of view.
Moscovici's dual-process model of influence embodies a distinction that is very similar to that discussed earlier between normative and informational influence, and is related to Petty and Cacioppo's (1986a) distinction between peripheral and central processing, and Chaiken's (Bohner, Moskowitz 8( Chaiken, 1995) distinction between heuristic and system-atic processing (see Chapter 6; Eagly & Chaiken, 1993).



Empirical evidence for conversion theory can be organised around three testable hypotheses (Martin & Hewstone, 2003): direction-of-attention, content-of-thinking, differential-influence. There is support for the direction-of-attention hypothesis - majority influence causes people to focus on their relationship to the majority (interpersonal focus) whereas minority influence causes people to focus on the minority message itself (message focus) (e.g. Campbell, Tesser, & Fairey, 1986). There is also support for the content-of-thinking hypothesis - majority influence leads to superficial examination of arguments whereas minority influence leads to detailed evaluation of arguments (e.g. Maass 8c Clark, 1983; Martin, 1996; Mucchi-Faina, Maass, 8c Volpato, 1991).
The differential-influence hypothesis, that majority influence produces more public/ direct influence than private/indirect influence whereas minority influence produces the opposite has received most research attention and support (see Wood, Lundgren, Ouellette, Busceme, 8c Blackstone, 1994). For example, the studies described above by Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) and Moscovici and Lage (1976) found, as would be expected from conversion theory, that conversion through minority influence took longer to mani-fest itself than compliance through majority influence; there was evidence for private change in colour thresholds (i.e., conversion) among participants exposed to a consistent minority, although they did not behave (or had not yet behaved) publicly in line with this change.
Another series of studies, by Maass and Clark (1983, 1986), report three experiments investigating people's public and private reactions to majority and minority influence regarding the issue of gay rights. In one of these experiments Maass 8c Clark (1983) found that publicly expressed attitudes conformed to the expressed views of the majority (i.e. if the majority was pro-gay, then so were the participants), while privately expressed attitudes shifted towards the position espoused by the minority (see Figure 7.10).








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Conversion theory In 1980 Moscovici supplemented his earlier genetic model of social influence with his conversion theory (Moscovici, 1980, 1985a). Conversion theory remains the dominant explanation of minority influence. The genetic model focused largely on how a minority's behavioural style (in particular, attributions based on the minority's consistent behaviour) could enhance its influence over a majority, whereas conversion theory is a more cognitive account of how a member of the majority processes the minority's message. Moscovici argued that majorities and minorities exert influence through different processes. Majority influence produces direct public compliance for reasons of normative or informational dependence. People engage in a comparison process in which they concen-trate attention on what others say to know how to fit in with them. Majority views are accepted passively without much thought. The outcome is public compliance with major-ity views with little or no private attitude change. In contrast, minority influence produces indirect, often latent, private change in opin-ion due to the cognitive conflict and restructuring that deviant ideas produce. People engage in a validation process in which they carefully examine and cogitate over the valid-ity of their beliefs. The outcome is little or no overt public agreement with the minority, for fear of being viewed as a member of the minority, but a degree of private internal attitude change that may only surface later on. Minorities produce a conversion effect as a conse-quence of active consideration of the minority point of view. Moscovici's dual-process model of influence embodies a distinction that is very similar to that discussed earlier between normative and informational influence, and is related to Petty and Cacioppo's (1986a) distinction between peripheral and central processing, and Chaiken's (Bohner, Moskowitz 8( Chaiken, 1995) distinction between heuristic and system-atic processing (see Chapter 6; Eagly & Chaiken, 1993).



Empirical evidence for conversion theory can be organised around three testable hypotheses (Martin & Hewstone, 2003): direction-of-attention, content-of-thinking, differential-influence. There is support for the direction-of-attention hypothesis - majority influence causes people to focus on their relationship to the majority (interpersonal focus) whereas minority influence causes people to focus on the minority message itself (message focus) (e.g. Campbell, Tesser, & Fairey, 1986). There is also support for the content-of-thinking hypothesis - majority influence leads to superficial examination of arguments whereas minority influence leads to detailed evaluation of arguments (e.g. Maass 8c Clark, 1983; Martin, 1996; Mucchi-Faina, Maass, 8c Volpato, 1991).
The differential-influence hypothesis, that majority influence produces more public/ direct influence than private/indirect influence whereas minority influence produces the opposite has received most research attention and support (see Wood, Lundgren, Ouellette, Busceme, 8c Blackstone, 1994). For example, the studies described above by Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) and Moscovici and Lage (1976) found, as would be expected from conversion theory, that conversion through minority influence took longer to mani-fest itself than compliance through majority influence; there was evidence for private change in colour thresholds (i.e., conversion) among participants exposed to a consistent minority, although they did not behave (or had not yet behaved) publicly in line with this change.
Another series of studies, by Maass and Clark (1983, 1986), report three experiments investigating people's public and private reactions to majority and minority influence regarding the issue of gay rights. In one of these experiments Maass 8c Clark (1983) found that publicly expressed attitudes conformed to the expressed views of the majority (i.e. if the majority was pro-gay, then so were the participants), while privately expressed attitudes shifted towards the position espoused by the minority (see Figure 7.10).








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Teori konversi
tahun 1980 Moscovici dilengkapi model genetik sebelumnya dari pengaruh sosial dengan teori pertobatannya (Moscovici, 1980, 1985a). Teori konversi tetap penjelasan dominan pengaruh minoritas. Model genetik difokuskan terutama pada bagaimana gaya perilaku minoritas ini (khususnya, atribusi berdasarkan perilaku yang konsisten minoritas) bisa meningkatkan pengaruhnya atas mayoritas, sedangkan teori konversi rekening lebih kognitif tentang bagaimana anggota mayoritas memproses pesan minoritas .
Moscovici menyatakan bahwa mayoritas dan minoritas memberikan pengaruh melalui proses yang berbeda. Pengaruh mayoritas menghasilkan kepatuhan masyarakat langsung karena alasan normatif ketergantungan atau informasi. Orang terlibat dalam proses perbandingan di mana mereka perhatian concen-trate pada apa yang orang lain katakan tahu bagaimana untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan mereka. Pandangan mayoritas diterima secara pasif tanpa banyak berpikir. Hasilnya adalah kepatuhan publik dengan pemandangan utama-ity dengan sedikit atau tidak ada perubahan sikap pribadi. Sebaliknya, pengaruh minoritas menghasilkan tidak langsung, sering laten, perubahan swasta di Opin-ion karena konflik kognitif dan restrukturisasi bahwa ide-ide menyimpang menghasilkan. Orang terlibat dalam proses validasi di mana mereka hati-hati memeriksa dan menimbang-nimbang selama valid-ity dari keyakinan mereka. Hasilnya adalah sedikit atau tidak ada kesepakatan umum terbuka dengan minoritas, karena takut dilihat sebagai anggota dari minoritas, namun tingkat perubahan sikap internal yang swasta yang hanya dapat muncul di kemudian hari. Minoritas menghasilkan efek konversi sebagai conse-quence pertimbangan aktif titik minoritas pandang. Model dual-proses Moscovici ini pengaruh mewujudkan perbedaan yang sangat mirip dengan yang dibahas sebelumnya antara pengaruh normatif dan informasi, dan berhubungan dengan Petty dan (1986a) pembedaan Cacioppo antara pengolahan perifer dan pusat, dan Chaiken ini (Bohner, Moskowitz 8 (Chaiken, 1995) perbedaan antara pengolahan heuristik dan sistem-ATIC (lihat Bab 6;. Eagly & Chaiken, 1993) Bukti empiris untuk teori konversi dapat diorganisir sekitar tiga hipotesis diuji (Martin & Hewstone, 2003):. arah-dari-perhatian, konten-of-pemikiran, diferensial-pengaruh Ada dukungan untuk arah-dari-perhatian hipotesis - pengaruh mayoritas menyebabkan orang untuk fokus pada hubungan mereka untuk sebagian (fokus interpersonal) sedangkan pengaruh minoritas menyebabkan orang untuk fokus pada pesan minoritas itu sendiri (fokus pesan) (misalnya Campbell, Tesser, & Fairey, 1986). Ada juga dukungan untuk konten-of-pemikiran hipotesis - pengaruh mayoritas mengarah ke pemeriksaan dangkal argumen sedangkan pengaruh minoritas menyebabkan evaluasi rinci dari argumen (misalnya Maass 8c Clark, 1983; Martin, 1996; Mucchi-Faina, Maass, 8c Volpato , 1991). Perbedaan-pengaruh hipotesis, yang mempengaruhi sebagian menghasilkan lebih umum / pengaruh langsung dari swasta / pengaruh tidak langsung sedangkan pengaruh minoritas menghasilkan sebaliknya telah menerima perhatian yang besar penelitian dan dukungan (lihat Wood, Lundgren, Ouellette, Busceme, 8c Blackstone, 1994). Sebagai contoh, studi yang dijelaskan di atas oleh Moscovici, Lage, dan Naffrechoux (1969) dan Moscovici dan Lage (1976) menemukan, seperti yang diharapkan dari teori konversi, konversi melalui pengaruh minoritas membutuhkan waktu lebih lama untuk mani-fest sendiri daripada kepatuhan melalui mayoritas pengaruh; ada bukti untuk perubahan swasta di ambang warna (yaitu, konversi) antara peserta terkena minoritas yang konsisten, meskipun mereka tidak berperilaku (atau belum berperilaku) publik sejalan dengan perubahan ini. seri lain dari studi, oleh Maass dan Clark (1983, 1986), melaporkan tiga percobaan menyelidiki reaksi publik dan swasta rakyat untuk mayoritas dan minoritas pengaruh mengenai isu hak-hak gay. Dalam salah satu eksperimen ini Maass 8c Clark (1983) menemukan bahwa sikap diungkapkan secara terbuka sesuai dengan pandangan yang diungkapkan mayoritas (yaitu jika mayoritas pro-gay, maka begitu pula peserta), sedangkan sikap mengungkapkan pribadi bergeser ke arah posisi yang dianut oleh minoritas (lihat Gambar 7.10).





















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