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Mangrove forests are communities of trees and woody shrubs localized in intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical river deltas, lagoons, and estuarine coastal systems worldwide. These forests are composed of phylogenetically unrelated species, each of which has adapted to live at transition zones between land and sea. The main adaptations include tolerance to anoxic, saline and unstable soils, and aquatic seed dispersal (i.e., hydrochory) (Tomlinson 1986). The global distribution patterns of the different species that comprise mangrove forests are the result of a complex interplay among physiological constraints, dispersal and large-scale geological and climate events. Although adaptation to different habitats shapes local distributional patterns, it is likely that the combination of dispersal and historical perturbations has a predominate role in determining the overall distribution patterns (Duke 1995). The comparison of phylogeographic patterns across nonrelated species that occupy similar ecological niches offers an exceptional opportunity to explore this interplay between historical and contemporary forces in shaping ecological communities (McGovern et al. 2010). Here, we tested the relative importance of these factors on the demographic history and population structure of the two most conspicuous co-distributed mangrove species in the Neotropics, the black mangrove, Avicennia germinans (Avicenniaceae), and the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae). Although their ranges are largely overlapping, the two species differ markedly in major life-history characteristics including seed viability in salt water (3 months vs. 1 year), pollination syndrome (ambophilous vs. entomophilous), and seed shape (round vs. oblong), which may have an important effect on population connectivity (Sanchez-Nu~nez and Mancera-Pineda 2012, Rabinowitz 1978). Nowadays, the two species are widely distributed on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical regions of North, Central, and South America, and the range of both species extends to the west coast of Africa (Tomlinson 1986). Despite the large current distribution, Woodroffe and Grindrod (1991) speculated based on several lines of evidence, including some palynological data, that all species of the neotropical mangrove communities, including A. germinans and R. mangle, may have suffered several range contractions and expansions during the last glacial maximum (LGM). If correct, then these historical contractions should leave a strong imprint on the distribution of genetic variation among populations of the two species that we can test with molecular data.We generated a multilocus genetic dataset composed of highly variable microsatellite, 2 chloroplast, and 1 anonymous nuclear loci and used these data to address three interrelated questions: (1) Is there genetic evidence of simultaneous population declines associated with quaternary climate changes? (2) Does the distribution of genetic variation follow the direction of palaeomarine currents or reflect contemporary marine currents? and (3) Does the current population genetic structure at large spatial scales reflect differences in the amount of time seeds remain viable in salt water?
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