Tephritid distribution and abundanc

Tephritid distribution and abundance depend
on several abiotic factors (e.g., temperature,
relative humidity, rainfall) and several biotic
factors (e.g., host plants, natural enemies)
(Vayssières et al. 2008). This study focused
on the effect of temperature on the development
of pre-imaginal stages of B. carambolae
and B. papayae. Working either in the laboratory
or in the field, researchers demonstrated
that temperature is the main abiotic factor affecting
survival and development of many
tephritid species (Fletcher 1987, Vargas et al.
1997, Brévault and Quilici 2000, Duyck and
Quilici 2002, Rwomushana et al. 2008,
Vayssières et al. 2008, Liu and Ye 2009). Two
fundamental thermal parameters that expresshow the rate of development of ectotherms
depends on temperature are the lower threshold
temperature for development (Tmin:
temperature below which no measurable development
takes place) and the thermal
constant K (number of degree days [DD]
above temperature Tmin for completion of development)
(Higley et al.1986, Rwomushana
et al. 2008). There is no published report on
the effect of these important variables on B.
carambolae and B. papayae. Therefore, this
study was aimed at identifying and comparing
the effect of six constant temperatures on the
development and survival of immature stages
of these flies. The study also tested and revealed
how the flies survive on the food from
their host plant Psidium guajava L. (Myrtales:
Myrtaceae). These fly species are known to
cohabitate on guava fruits in the field and
therefore exhibit niche overlap via fruit
(Duyck et al. 2008).

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Tephritid distribution and abundance dependon several abiotic factors (e.g., temperature,relative humidity, rainfall) and several bioticfactors (e.g., host plants, natural enemies)(Vayssières et al. 2008). This study focusedon the effect of temperature on the developmentof pre-imaginal stages of B. carambolaeand B. papayae. Working either in the laboratoryor in the field, researchers demonstratedthat temperature is the main abiotic factor affectingsurvival and development of manytephritid species (Fletcher 1987, Vargas et al.1997, Brévault and Quilici 2000, Duyck andQuilici 2002, Rwomushana et al. 2008,Vayssières et al. 2008, Liu and Ye 2009). Twofundamental thermal parameters that expresshow the rate of development of ectothermsdepends on temperature are the lower thresholdtemperature for development (Tmin:temperature below which no measurable developmenttakes place) and the thermalconstant K (number of degree days [DD]above temperature Tmin for completion of development)(Higley et al.1986, Rwomushanaet al. 2008). There is no published report onthe effect of these important variables on B.carambolae and B. papayae. Therefore, thisstudy was aimed at identifying and comparingthe effect of six constant temperatures on thedevelopment and survival of immature stagesof these flies. The study also tested and revealedhow the flies survive on the food fromtheir host plant Psidium guajava L. (Myrtales:Myrtaceae). Spesies ini terbang yang diketahuicohabitate pada buah Jambu di bidang danoleh karena itu menunjukkan tumpang-tindih ceruk melalui buah(Duyck et al., 2008).