source of implied volatility for firms from OptionMetrics[1], a provid terjemahan - source of implied volatility for firms from OptionMetrics[1], a provid Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

source of implied volatility for fi

source of implied volatility for firms from OptionMetrics[1], a provider of information
on historical volatility and implied volatility. Since prior work (Donders and Vorst,
1996; Donders et al., 2000; Isakov and Perignon, 2001) finds that implied volatility
changes around earnings announcements, the estimate of implied volatility is
measured 30 days following the earnings announcement to remove transient changes
in volatility surrounding the announcement, and is defined as the implied volatility for
the closest at-the-money option. In the case where a firm has multiple options trading 207 that are equally close to at the money, implied volatility is defined as the average
implied volatility of all closest to at-the-money options.
2. Measures of corporate governance and related indices
Board structure, ownership structure, executive compensation, and anti-takeover provisions are acknowledged as the main drivers influencing the quality of corporate governance.
A. Board structure. Regarding board structure, we are mainly interested in two major issues. One is whether the firm has a staggered board (i.e. classified board), and the other is the percentage of outsiders sitting on the board. A staggered board of directors is one that is comprised of three different classes of directors. Elections for the directors of staggered boards usually happen on an annual basis with each board member serving for a three-year term.
Generally, proponents of staggered boards cite two main advantages over traditionally elected boards: board continuity and takeover protections. Since hostile acquirers have a difficult time gaining control of companies with staggered boards. Opponents of staggered boards, however, argue that directors are less accountable to shareholders than annually elected boards and that staggering board terms tends to breed a fraternal atmosphere inside the boardroom that serves to protect the interests of management above those of shareholders.
Outside board members are often considered to be better than insiders as monitors because they are not subordinated to management. A number of studies have identified beneficial effects of having outside board members. Rosenstein and Wyatt (1990) report that the market reacts positively to the announcement of outside director appointments. Byrd and Hickman (1992) find that bidding firms with a majority of independent outside directors earn higher announcement abnormal returns than do firms without a majority of independent directors. Other similar studies include Brickley et al. (1994), Cotter et al. (1997) and Weisbach (1998).
Bebchuk et al. (2002) cite that in the nine months after a hostile takeover bid is announced, shares in companies with staggered boards increase only 31.8 percent, compared to the average of 43.4 percent return to stockholders of companies with non-staggered boards, which means staggered boards may deter hostile takeovers that otherwise maximize shareholder wealth, although they are fairly rare occurrences. Collectively, the evidence illustrates the importance of outside directors during specific corporate events.
B. Ownership structure. Ownership structure refers to the breakdown of ownership claims held by insiders (management) and outsiders (investors with no direct role in the management of the firm) (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). A low percentage of director ownership may not be a sufficient incentive for directors to effectively monitor the performance of the management on behalf of shareholders. However, excessive
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sumber tersirat volatilitas bagi perusahaan-perusahaan dari OptionMetrics [1], penyedia informasi
pada volatilitas historis dan tersirat volatilitas. Sejak sebelum bekerja (Donders dan Vorst,
1996; Donders et al., 2000; Isakov dan Perignon, 2001) menemukan bahwa tersirat volatilitas
perubahan di sekitar pengumuman laba, perkiraan tersirat volatilitas adalah
diukur 30 hari setelah pengumuman pendapatan untuk menghapus sementara perubahan
dalam volatilitas sekitar pengumuman, dan didefinisikan sebagai volatilitas yang tersirat untuk
terdekat di-uang-pilihan. Dalam kasus dimana perusahaan memiliki beberapa pilihan perdagangan 207 yang sama-sama dekat dengan uang, volatilitas tersirat didefinisikan sebagai rata-rata
tersirat volatilitas dari semua terdekat di-the-uang pilihan.
2. Langkah-langkah tata kelola perusahaan dan terkait indeks
struktur Dewan, struktur kepemilikan, eksekutif kompensasi, dan anti-pengambilalihan ketentuan diakui sebagai pendorong utama yang mempengaruhi kualitas corporate governance.
A. papan struktur. Mengenai struktur Dewan, kami terutama tertarik pada dua isu besar. Salah satunya adalah apakah perusahaan memiliki papan terhuyung-huyung (yaitu diklasifikasikan board), dan yang lainnya adalah persentase orang luar yang duduk di Dewan. Terhuyung-huyung Direksi adalah salah satu yang terdiri dari tiga kelas yang berbeda Direksi. Pemilihan Direksi terhuyung-huyung papan biasanya terjadi secara tahunan dengan masing-masing anggota Dewan melayani jangka tiga tahun
umumnya, pendukung terhuyung-huyung papan mengutip dua utama keuntungan lebih tradisional Terpilih papan: papan kontinuitas dan pengambilalihan perlindungan. Karena bermusuhan acquirers memiliki waktu yang sulit mendapatkan kontrol perusahaan dengan terhuyung-huyung papan. Lawan papan terhuyung-huyung, namun, berpendapat bahwa Direktur kurang bertanggung jawab kepada pemegang saham daripada setiap tahunnya dipilih papan dan bahwa mengejutkan papan istilah cenderung berkembang biak suasana persaudaraan di dalam Ruang Rapat yang berfungsi untuk melindungi kepentingan manajemen atas orang-orang dari pemegang saham.
di luar anggota Dewan sering dianggap lebih baik daripada orang-dalam sebagai monitor karena mereka tidak subordinated manajemen. Sejumlah penelitian telah mengidentifikasi efek menguntungkan dari telah di luar anggota Dewan. Kumpulan Rosenstein dan Wyatt (1990) laporan yang bahwa pasar bereaksi positif untuk pengumuman luar Direktur janji. Byrd dan Hickman (1992) menemukan bahwa penawaran perusahaan dengan mayoritas independen luar Direksi mendapatkan pengumuman abnormal keuntungan yang lebih tinggi daripada perusahaan-perusahaan tanpa mayoritas Direktur independen. Penelitian serupa lainnya termasuk Brickley et al. (1994), Cotter et al. (1997) dan Weisbach (1998).
Bebchuk et al. (2002) menyebutkan bahwa dalam sembilan bulan setelah sebuah tawaran pengambilalihan bermusuhan diumumkan, saham di perusahaan dengan papan terhuyung-huyung meningkatkan hanya 31.8 persen, dibandingkan dengan rata-rata 43,4 persen kembali ke pemegang saham perusahaan dengan papan terhuyung bebas, yang berarti terhuyung-huyung papan dapat mencegah bermusuhan pengambilalihan yang sebaliknya memaksimalkan kekayaan pemegang saham, meskipun mereka cukup langka kejadian. Secara kolektif, bukti menggambarkan pentingnya luar Direksi selama khusus acara perusahaan.
struktur B. kepemilikan. Struktur kepemilikan mengacu pada rincian klaim kepemilikan yang dipegang oleh orang dalam (manajemen) dan luar (investor dengan tidak ada peran langsung dalam pengelolaan perusahaan) (Jensen dan Meckling, 1976). Yang rendah persentase kepemilikan Direktur tidak mungkin insentif yang memadai untuk Direksi untuk secara efektif memantau kinerja manajemen atas nama pemegang saham. Namun, berlebihan
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source of implied volatility for firms from OptionMetrics[1], a provider of information
on historical volatility and implied volatility. Since prior work (Donders and Vorst,
1996; Donders et al., 2000; Isakov and Perignon, 2001) finds that implied volatility
changes around earnings announcements, the estimate of implied volatility is
measured 30 days following the earnings announcement to remove transient changes
in volatility surrounding the announcement, and is defined as the implied volatility for
the closest at-the-money option. In the case where a firm has multiple options trading 207 that are equally close to at the money, implied volatility is defined as the average
implied volatility of all closest to at-the-money options.
2. Measures of corporate governance and related indices
Board structure, ownership structure, executive compensation, and anti-takeover provisions are acknowledged as the main drivers influencing the quality of corporate governance.
A. Board structure. Regarding board structure, we are mainly interested in two major issues. One is whether the firm has a staggered board (i.e. classified board), and the other is the percentage of outsiders sitting on the board. A staggered board of directors is one that is comprised of three different classes of directors. Elections for the directors of staggered boards usually happen on an annual basis with each board member serving for a three-year term.
Generally, proponents of staggered boards cite two main advantages over traditionally elected boards: board continuity and takeover protections. Since hostile acquirers have a difficult time gaining control of companies with staggered boards. Opponents of staggered boards, however, argue that directors are less accountable to shareholders than annually elected boards and that staggering board terms tends to breed a fraternal atmosphere inside the boardroom that serves to protect the interests of management above those of shareholders.
Outside board members are often considered to be better than insiders as monitors because they are not subordinated to management. A number of studies have identified beneficial effects of having outside board members. Rosenstein and Wyatt (1990) report that the market reacts positively to the announcement of outside director appointments. Byrd and Hickman (1992) find that bidding firms with a majority of independent outside directors earn higher announcement abnormal returns than do firms without a majority of independent directors. Other similar studies include Brickley et al. (1994), Cotter et al. (1997) and Weisbach (1998).
Bebchuk et al. (2002) cite that in the nine months after a hostile takeover bid is announced, shares in companies with staggered boards increase only 31.8 percent, compared to the average of 43.4 percent return to stockholders of companies with non-staggered boards, which means staggered boards may deter hostile takeovers that otherwise maximize shareholder wealth, although they are fairly rare occurrences. Collectively, the evidence illustrates the importance of outside directors during specific corporate events.
B. Ownership structure. Ownership structure refers to the breakdown of ownership claims held by insiders (management) and outsiders (investors with no direct role in the management of the firm) (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). A low percentage of director ownership may not be a sufficient incentive for directors to effectively monitor the performance of the management on behalf of shareholders. However, excessive
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