The public goods associated with a liberal international economyinclud terjemahan - The public goods associated with a liberal international economyinclud Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The public goods associated with a

The public goods associated with a liberal international economy
include an open trading system and a stable international monetary
system. However, there are even greater tendencies toward free riding
and for international public goods to be undersupplied within the
international economy than in domestic affairs. This problem can, at
least in theory, be overcome by a small group of cooperating states;
however, I know of no example of this type of cooperation on such
a large scale as the world economy. In practice, public goods have
been and can be provided only by a leader (or hegemon)with an
interest in supplying the good for all or in forcing others to share
payment for the good.

A brief examination of the British and American eras of international
leadership increases comprehension of the dynamics of the rise
and erosion of a liberal world economy; both eras of economic liberalism
required a hegemonic power. From the mid-nineteenth century
to the outbreak of World War I, Great Britain led the efforts for trade
liberalization and monetary stability; the United States has led the
world economy since World War II.52 The liberal world economy in
the late nineteenth century was truly global and was generally characterized
by nondiscrimination in trade, unrestricted capital movements,
and a stable monetary system based on the gold standard. For
decades the American system was composed only of the Free World;
during the Cold War it was characterized by trade discrimination, by
capital controls until the 1970s, and by monetary instability after
1971. Whereas the British promoted and inspired free trade by example
and through a series of bilateral agreements, the United States
has championed trade liberalization through multilateral negotiations
within the GATT. Although there is disagreement on this subject,
according to Joanne Gowa, security concerns did influence British
trade policy.53 Certainly, international security considerations—forging
the Western alliance against the Soviet Union—played an extremely
important role in America’s promotion of free trade.54 In the
monetary realm, the Bank of England played a central role in management
of the gold standard in the nineteenth-century system. However,
even though the post–World War II international monetary system
has been based on the dollar and subject to American influence,
the Federal Reserve has had to share pride of place with the German
Bundesbank and other powerful central banks.



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The public goods associated with a liberal international economyinclude an open trading system and a stable international monetarysystem. However, there are even greater tendencies toward free ridingand for international public goods to be undersupplied within theinternational economy than in domestic affairs. This problem can, atleast in theory, be overcome by a small group of cooperating states;however, I know of no example of this type of cooperation on sucha large scale as the world economy. In practice, public goods havebeen and can be provided only by a leader (or hegemon)with aninterest in supplying the good for all or in forcing others to sharepayment for the good.A brief examination of the British and American eras of internationalleadership increases comprehension of the dynamics of the riseand erosion of a liberal world economy; both eras of economic liberalismrequired a hegemonic power. From the mid-nineteenth centuryto the outbreak of World War I, Great Britain led the efforts for tradeliberalization and monetary stability; the United States has led theworld economy since World War II.52 The liberal world economy inthe late nineteenth century was truly global and was generally characterizedby nondiscrimination in trade, unrestricted capital movements,and a stable monetary system based on the gold standard. Fordecades the American system was composed only of the Free World;during the Cold War it was characterized by trade discrimination, bycapital controls until the 1970s, and by monetary instability after1971. Whereas the British promoted and inspired free trade by exampleand through a series of bilateral agreements, the United Stateshas championed trade liberalization through multilateral negotiationswithin the GATT. Although there is disagreement on this subject,according to Joanne Gowa, security concerns did influence Britishtrade policy.53 Certainly, international security considerations—forgingthe Western alliance against the Soviet Union—played an extremelyimportant role in America’s promotion of free trade.54 In themonetary realm, the Bank of England played a central role in managementof the gold standard in the nineteenth-century system. However,even though the post–World War II international monetary systemhas been based on the dollar and subject to American influence,the Federal Reserve has had to share pride of place with the GermanBundesbank and other powerful central banks.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Barang publik yang terkait dengan ekonomi internasional liberal
mencakup sistem perdagangan terbuka dan moneter internasional yang stabil
sistem. Namun, ada kecenderungan yang lebih besar terhadap naik gratis
dan barang publik internasional untuk undersupplied dalam
perekonomian internasional dari dalam urusan dalam negeri. Masalah ini dapat, di
setidaknya dalam teori, diatasi dengan sekelompok kecil bekerja sama negara,
namun, saya tahu tidak ada contoh dari jenis kerja sama seperti
skala besar karena perekonomian dunia. Dalam prakteknya, barang publik telah
dipilih dan dapat diberikan hanya oleh seorang pemimpin (atau hegemon) dengan
minat dalam memasok baik untuk seluruh atau memaksa orang lain untuk berbagi
pembayaran untuk baik. Pemeriksaan singkat dari era Inggris dan Amerika internasional kepemimpinan meningkatkan pemahaman dinamika kenaikan dan erosi dari ekonomi dunia liberal; kedua era liberalisme ekonomi diperlukan kekuatan hegemonik. Dari pertengahan abad kesembilan belas pecahnya Perang Dunia I, Inggris memimpin upaya untuk perdagangan liberalisasi dan stabilitas moneter; Amerika Serikat telah memimpin ekonomi dunia sejak Perang Dunia II.52 Perekonomian dunia liberal di akhir abad kesembilan belas adalah benar-benar global dan umumnya ditandai oleh non-diskriminasi dalam perdagangan, pergerakan modal terbatas, dan sistem moneter yang stabil berdasarkan standar emas. Untuk beberapa dekade sistem Amerika terdiri hanya dari Dunia Gratis; selama Perang Dingin itu ditandai dengan diskriminasi perdagangan, dengan kontrol modal sampai tahun 1970-an, dan dengan ketidakstabilan moneter setelah 1971. Sedangkan Inggris dipromosikan dan perdagangan bebas terinspirasi oleh contoh dan melalui serangkaian perjanjian bilateral, Amerika Serikat telah memperjuangkan liberalisasi perdagangan melalui negosiasi multilateral dalam GATT. Meskipun ada perbedaan pendapat mengenai hal ini, menurut Joanne Gowa, masalah keamanan melakukan pengaruh Inggris policy.53 perdagangan Tentu saja, pertimbangan-penempaan keamanan internasional aliansi Barat terhadap Uni Soviet-memainkan sangat berperan penting dalam promosi Amerika dari trade.54 gratis Dalam ranah moneter, Bank of England memainkan peran sentral dalam manajemen dari standar emas dalam sistem abad kesembilan belas. Namun, meskipun sistem moneter internasional pasca-Perang Dunia II telah didasarkan pada dolar dan tunduk pada pengaruh Amerika, Federal Reserve telah berbagi kebanggaan tempat dengan Jerman Bundesbank dan bank sentral yang kuat lainnya.































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