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Dana Moneter InternasionalDana Moneter Internasional (IMF) adalah bank internasional dengan anggota 188bangsa-bangsa yang membuat pinjaman jangka pendek untuk negara-negara berkembang yang mengalami balanceof-pembayaran defisit. Pembiayaan ini merupakan kontribusi oleh negara-negara anggota, dan itu harusdilunasi dengan bunga. Pinjaman disediakan terutama untuk mendanai perdagangan internasional. Dibuatpada 1945 dan berkantor pusat di Washington, DC, bank tujuan utama adalah untuk:●● mempromosikan kerjasama moneter internasional,●● memfasilitasi perluasan dan pertumbuhan yang seimbang dari perdagangan internasional,●● mempromosikan stabilitas nilai tukar,●● membantu dalam membangun sistem multilateral pembayaran, dan●● membuat sumber daya yang tersedia untuk anggota yang mengalami kesulitan neraca pembayaran.Tantangan di depanDalam sebuah pidato 2012 di Universitas Oxford, Pascal Lamy, Direktur Jenderal duniaPerdagangan Organiztion yang menyatakan, "kita hidup di dunia yang pernah berkembang kemerdekaan danketerkaitan. Kami saling ketergantungan telah tumbuh melampaui imajinasi seseorang93Dunia hari ini hampir dikenali dari dunia di mana kita tinggal satugenerasi yang lalu." Contoh yang paling mencolok globalisasi adalah Apple. Apple iPoddirancang di Amerika Serikat, yang diproduksi dengan komponen dari Jepang, Korea, danbeberapa negara-negara Asia, dan berkumpul di Cina oleh sebuah perusahaan dari CinaTaipei. Saat ini, sebagian besar produk yang tidak "Dibuat di UK" atau "Dibuat di Perancis"; merekabahkan "dibuat di dunia." 10Pada 2012, pemulihan ekonomi global masih lesu. Tantangan keuangan dibeberapa kawasan euro ekonomi memperlambat pertumbuhan ekonomi. Namun, aturan WTO danprinsip-prinsip telah membantu pemerintah dalam menjaga pasar terbuka dan mereka sekarang menyediakanplatform yang perdagangan dapat tumbuh sebagai meningkatkan ekonomi global. Menurutuntuk Mr Lamy, "kita melihat cahaya di akhir terowongan dan perdagangan yang menjanjikan untuk menjadibagian penting dari pemulihan. Tetapi kita harus menghindari derailing kebangkitan ekonomi apapunmelalui proteksionisme."RINGKASANMenjelaskan dasar ekonomi internasionalbisnis.Bisnis internasional meliputi semua aktivitas bisnis yangmelibatkan pertukaran melintasi batas-batas nasional. Internasionalperdagangan Berdasarkan spesialisasi, dimana masing-masing negaramenghasilkan barang dan jasa yang dapat menghasilkan lebihefisien daripada barang dan jasa. Bangsa inidikatakan memiliki keunggulan komparatif relatif terhadap barang-barang ini.Perdagangan internasional berkembang ketika perdagangan setiap bangsa yangKelebihan produk bagi mereka dalam pasokan pendek.Negara neraca perdagangan adalah perbedaan antaranilai ekspor dan nilai impornya. Keseimbanganpembayaran adalah perbedaan antara aliran uang kedan keluar dari bangsa. Umumnya, neraca negatif pada perdagangandianggap tidak menguntungkan.Membahas tempat bangsa pembatasan padaperdagangan internasional, tujuan inirestrictions, and their results.Despite the benefits of world trade, nations tend to usetariffs and nontariff barriers (import quotas, embargoes, andother restrictions) to limit trade. These restrictions typicallyare justified as being needed to protect a nation’s economy,industries, citizens, or security. They can result in the loss of94jobs, higher prices, fewer choices in the marketplace, and themisallocation of resources.Outline the extent of international business andthe world economic outlook for trade.World trade is generally increasing. Trade between theUnited States and other nations is increasing in dollar valuebut decreasing in terms of our share of the world market.Exports as a percentage of U.S. GDP have increased steadilysince 1985, except in the 2001 and 2008 recessions.Discuss international trade agreements andinternational economic organizations working tofoster trade.The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)was formed to dismantle trade barriers and provide anenvironment in which international business can grow. Today,the World Trade Organization (WTO) and various economiccommunities carry on this mission. These world economiccommunities include the European Union, the NAFTA, theCAFTA, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, thePacific Rim, the Commonwealth of Independent States,the Caribbean Basin Initiative, the Common Market of theSouthern Cone, the Organization of Petroleum ExportingCountries, and the Organization for Economic Cooperationand Development.Define the methods by which a firm can organizefor and enter into international markets.A firm can enter international markets in several ways. It maylicense a foreign firm to produce and market its products.It may export its products and sell them through foreignintermediaries or its own sales organization abroad, or itmay sell its exports outright to an export–import merchant.It may enter into a joint venture with a foreign firm. It mayestablish its own foreign subsidiaries, or it may develop intoa multinational enterprise.Generally, each of these methods represents an increasinglydeeper level of involvement in international business,with licensing being the simplest and the development of amultinational corporation the most involved.Describe the various sources of exportassistance.Many government and international agencies provideexport assistance to U.S. and foreign firms. The exportservices and programs of the 19 agencies of the U.S. TradePromotion Coordinating Committee (TPCC) can help U.S.firms to compete in foreign markets and create new jobsin the United States. Sources of export assistance includeU.S. Export Assistance Centers, the International TradeAdministration, U.S. and Foreign Commercial Services,Export Legal Assistance Network, Advocacy Center,National Trade Data Bank, and other government andinternational agencies.Identify the institutions that help firms andnations finance international business.The financing of international trade is more complex thanthat of domestic trade. Institutions such as the Ex-Im Bankand the International Monetary Fund have been establishedto provide financing and ultimately to increase world tradefor American and international firms1. Why do firms engage in international trade?2. What is the difference between an absolute and a comparativeadvantage in international trade? How are both types ofadvantages related to the concept of specialization?3. What is a favorable balance of trade? In what way is it “favorable”?4. L ist and briefly describe the principal restrictions that may beapplied to a nation’s imports.5. What reasons are generally given for imposing trade restrictions?6. What are the general effects of import restrictions on trade?.957. D efine and describe the major objectives of the WTO and theinternational economic communities.8. Which nations are the principal trading partners of the UnitedStates? What are the major U.S. imports and exports?9. The methods of engaging in international business may becategorized as either direct or indirect. How would you classifyeach of the methods described in this chapter? Why?10. In what ways is a multinational enterprise different from alarge corporation that does business in several countries?11. L ist some key sources of export assistance. How can thesesources be useful to small business firms?12. In what ways do the Ex-Im Bank, multilateral developmentbanks, and the IMF enhance international trade?96KEY TERMSSSSSinternational business allbusiness activities that involveexchanges across nationalboundariesabsolute advantage the abilityto produce a specific productmore efficiently than any othernationcomparative advantage theability to produce a specificproduct more efficiently than anyother productexporting selling and shippingraw materials or products to othernationsimporting purchasing rawmaterials or products in othernations and bringing them intoone’s own countrybalance of trade the total valueof a nation’s exports minus thetotal value of its imports oversome period of timetrade deficit a negative balanceof tradebalance of payments the totalflow of money into a country minusthe total flow of money out of thatcountry over some period of timeimport duty (tariff) a tax leviedon a particular foreign productentering a countrydumping exportation of largequantities of a product at a pricelower than that of the sameproduct in the home marketnontariff barrier a nontaxmeasure imposed by a governmentto favor domestic over foreignsuppliersimport quota a limit on theamount of a particular good thatmay be imported into a countryduring a given period of timeembargo a complete halt totrading with a particular nation or
in a particular product
foreign-exchange control a
restriction on the amount of a
particular foreign currency that
can be purchased or sold
currency devaluation the
reduction of the value of a
nation’s currency relative to the
currencies of other countries
General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GA TT) an
international organization of 153
nations dedicated to reducing
or eliminating tariffs and other
barriers to world trade
World Trade Organization
(WTO) powerful successor to
GA TT that incorporates trade in
goods, services, and ideas
economic community an
organization of nations formed
to promote the free movement of
resources and products among its
members and to create common
economic policies
licensing a contractual
agreement in which one firm
permits another to produce and
market its product and use its
brand name in return for a royalty
or other compensation
letter of credit issued by a bank
on request of an importer stating
that the bank will pay an amount
of money to a stated beneficiary
bill of lading document
issued by a transport carrier
to an exporter to prove that
merchandise has been shipped
draft issued by the exporter’s
bank, ordering the importer’s
bank to pay for the merchandise,
thus guaranteeing payment once
accepted by the importer’
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