carefully divide and allocate authority within a function and between  terjemahan - carefully divide and allocate authority within a function and between  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

carefully divide and allocate autho

carefully divide and allocate authority within a function and between one function
and others to promote coordination. For example, at Becton Dickinson, a high-tech
medical instrument maker, the marketing and engineering departments were frequently
squabbling over product specifications. Marketing argued that the company’s
products needed more features to please customers. Engineering wanted to
simplify product design to reduce costs.11 The two departments could not resolve
their differences because the head of marketing reported to the head of engineering.
To resolve this conflict, Becton Dickinson reorganized its hierarchy so that both
marketing and engineering reported to the head of the Instrument Product
Division. The head of the division was an impartial third party who had the authority
to listen to both managers’ cases and make the decision that was best for the organization
as a whole.
Direct Contact
Direct contact between people in different subunits is an integrating mechanism
that is more complex than a hierarchy of authority. The principal problem with integration
across functions is that a manager in one function has no authority over a
manager in another. Only the CEO or somebody else above the functional level has
power to intervene if two functions come into conflict. Consequently, establishing
personal relationships between people at all levels in different functions is an important
step in overcoming the problems that arise because people (or groups, or
departments) have different subunit orientations. Managers from different functions
who have opportunities for direct contact with each other can work together to
solve common problems. If disputes still arise, however, it is important for both parties
to be able to appeal to a common superior who is not far removed from the
scene of the problem.
Liaison Roles
When the need for communication among subunits increases, one member or a few
members from a subunit are likely to have responsibility for coordinating with other
subunits. The people who hold these connecting, or liaison, roles are able to develop
in-depth relations with people in other subunits. This interaction helps overcome barriers
between subunits. Over time, as the people in liaison roles learn to cooperate,
they can become increasingly flexible in accommodating other subunits’ requests.
Figure 4-5A illustrates a liaison role.
Task Forces
As an organization increases in size and complexity, more than two subunits may need
to work together to solve common problems. Increasing an organization’s ability to
serve its customers effectively, for example, may require input from production, marketing,
engineering, and research and development. The solution commonly takes
the form of a task force, a temporary committee set up to handle a specific problem
(Figure 4-5B). One person from each function joins a task force, which meets until it
finds a solution to the problem. Task force members are responsible for taking the
solution back to their functional groups for group input and approval. To increase the
effectiveness of task forces, a senior manager from outside all the functions involved
usually chairs the meetings.
Teams
When the issue a task force is dealing with becomes an ongoing strategic or administrative
issue, the task force becomes permanent. A team is a permanent task force or
committee. Most companies, for example, now have product development and
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carefully divide and allocate authority within a function and between one functionand others to promote coordination. For example, at Becton Dickinson, a high-techmedical instrument maker, the marketing and engineering departments were frequentlysquabbling over product specifications. Marketing argued that the company’sproducts needed more features to please customers. Engineering wanted tosimplify product design to reduce costs.11 The two departments could not resolvetheir differences because the head of marketing reported to the head of engineering.To resolve this conflict, Becton Dickinson reorganized its hierarchy so that bothmarketing and engineering reported to the head of the Instrument ProductDivision. The head of the division was an impartial third party who had the authorityto listen to both managers’ cases and make the decision that was best for the organizationas a whole.Direct ContactDirect contact between people in different subunits is an integrating mechanismthat is more complex than a hierarchy of authority. The principal problem with integrationacross functions is that a manager in one function has no authority over amanager in another. Only the CEO or somebody else above the functional level haspower to intervene if two functions come into conflict. Consequently, establishingpersonal relationships between people at all levels in different functions is an importantstep in overcoming the problems that arise because people (or groups, ordepartments) have different subunit orientations. Managers from different functionswho have opportunities for direct contact with each other can work together tosolve common problems. If disputes still arise, however, it is important for both partiesto be able to appeal to a common superior who is not far removed from thescene of the problem.Liaison RolesWhen the need for communication among subunits increases, one member or a fewmembers from a subunit are likely to have responsibility for coordinating with othersubunits. The people who hold these connecting, or liaison, roles are able to developin-depth relations with people in other subunits. This interaction helps overcome barriersbetween subunits. Over time, as the people in liaison roles learn to cooperate,they can become increasingly flexible in accommodating other subunits’ requests.Figure 4-5A illustrates a liaison role.Task ForcesAs an organization increases in size and complexity, more than two subunits may needto work together to solve common problems. Increasing an organization’s ability toserve its customers effectively, for example, may require input from production, marketing,engineering, and research and development. The solution commonly takesthe form of a task force, a temporary committee set up to handle a specific problem(Figure 4-5B). One person from each function joins a task force, which meets until itfinds a solution to the problem. Task force members are responsible for taking thesolution back to their functional groups for group input and approval. To increase theeffectiveness of task forces, a senior manager from outside all the functions involvedusually chairs the meetings.TeamsWhen the issue a task force is dealing with becomes an ongoing strategic or administrativeissue, the task force becomes permanent. A team is a permanent task force orcommittee. Most companies, for example, now have product development and
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hati-hati membagi dan mengalokasikan wewenang dalam fungsi dan antara satu fungsi
dan lain-lain untuk mempromosikan koordinasi. Misalnya, di Becton Dickinson, berteknologi tinggi
pembuat alat medis, departemen pemasaran dan teknik yang sering
bertengkar lebih dari spesifikasi produk. Pemasaran berpendapat bahwa perusahaan
produk yang dibutuhkan lebih banyak fitur untuk menyenangkan pelanggan. Rekayasa ingin
menyederhanakan desain produk untuk mengurangi costs.11 Kedua departemen tidak bisa menyelesaikan
perbedaan mereka karena kepala pemasaran dilaporkan kepada kepala rekayasa.
Untuk menyelesaikan konflik ini, Becton Dickinson reorganisasi hierarki sehingga baik
pemasaran dan rekayasa dilaporkan ke kepala Produk Instrumen
Divisi. Kepala divisi adalah pihak ketiga yang netral yang memiliki kewenangan
untuk mendengarkan kasus kedua manajer 'dan membuat keputusan yang terbaik bagi organisasi
secara keseluruhan.
Langsung Hubungi
kontak langsung antara orang-orang di subunit yang berbeda adalah mekanisme mengintegrasikan
yang lebih kompleks daripada hirarki kewenangan. Masalah utama dengan integrasi
lintas fungsi adalah bahwa seorang manajer di salah satu fungsi tidak memiliki kewenangan atas
manajer lain. Hanya CEO atau orang lain di atas tingkat fungsional memiliki
kekuatan untuk melakukan intervensi jika dua fungsi datang ke dalam konflik. Akibatnya, membangun
hubungan pribadi antara orang-orang di semua tingkatan dalam fungsi yang berbeda merupakan penting
langkah dalam mengatasi masalah yang timbul karena orang (atau kelompok, atau
departemen) memiliki orientasi subunit yang berbeda. Manajer dari berbagai fungsi
yang memiliki peluang untuk kontak langsung dengan satu sama lain dapat bekerja sama untuk
memecahkan masalah umum. Jika sengketa masih muncul, namun, penting bagi kedua belah pihak
untuk dapat menarik atasan umum yang tidak jauh dari
tempat kejadian dari masalah.
Peran penghubung
Ketika kebutuhan untuk komunikasi di antara kelompok meningkat, salah satu anggota atau beberapa
anggota dari subunit cenderung memiliki tanggung jawab untuk melakukan koordinasi dengan lainnya
subunit. Orang-orang yang memegang ini menghubungkan, atau penghubung, peran mampu mengembangkan
hubungan yang mendalam dengan orang-orang di subunit lain. Interaksi ini membantu mengatasi hambatan
antara subunit. Seiring waktu, sebagai orang-orang dalam peran penghubung belajar untuk bekerja sama,
mereka dapat menjadi semakin fleksibel dalam mengakomodasi permintaan subunit lain.
Gambar 4-5a menggambarkan peran penghubung.
Task Forces
Sebagai organisasi meningkat dalam ukuran dan kompleksitas, lebih dari dua subunit mungkin perlu
bekerja sama untuk memecahkan masalah umum. Meningkatkan kemampuan organisasi untuk
melayani pelanggan secara efektif, misalnya, mungkin memerlukan masukan dari produksi, pemasaran,
teknik, dan penelitian dan pengembangan. Solusinya umumnya mengambil
bentuk gugus tugas, komite sementara yang didirikan untuk menangani suatu masalah tertentu
(Gambar 4-5B). Satu orang dari masing-masing fungsi bergabung dengan gugus tugas, yang memenuhi sampai
menemukan solusi untuk masalah ini. Anggota satgas yang bertanggung jawab untuk mengambil
solusi kembali ke kelompok fungsional mereka untuk input kelompok dan persetujuan. Untuk meningkatkan
efektivitas gugus tugas, manajer senior dari luar semua fungsi yang terlibat
biasanya memimpin pertemuan.
Tim
Ketika isu satuan tugas adalah berurusan dengan menjadi strategis atau administrasi yang sedang berlangsung
masalah, gugus tugas menjadi permanen. Sebuah tim gugus tugas permanen atau
komite. Sebagian besar perusahaan, misalnya, sekarang memiliki pengembangan produk dan
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