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Di Asia Tenggara, perkebunan karet skala besar adalah salah satu pendorong utama perampasan tanah dan deforestasi. Sebagai Birma muncul sebagai pasar kunci, pemerintah harus memutuskan bagaimana mencegah kerugian sosial dan lingkungan yang terburu-buru untuk karet memiliki biaya tetangganya.Sekitar 85 persen dari karet secara global, pada kenyataannya, diproduksi oleh petani, dengan petani biasanya memiliki bidang tanah berkisar antara 5 dan 100 hektar. Keindahan karet adalah bahwa petani dapat menanam itu dengan tanaman lainnya seperti pisang, teh, kopi, kakao, singkong, dan nanas. Tidak hanya ini mengurangi kompetisi untuk mendapatkan lahan, juga menyediakan alternatif pendapatan bagi petani, dan keanekaragaman tanaman menyediakan sumber makanan untuk keluarga.Jenis sistem agroforestry, kadang-kadang dikenal sebagai 'hutan karet', dapat memberikan ketahanan terhadap apa yang sering pasar global bergejolak sementara juga membantu melindungi keanekaragaman hayati dan ekosistem. Pada kenyataannya, peningkatan pesat hari dan kecelakaan saat ini harga karet menunjukkan betapa volatil pasar bisa.Kawasan Mekong, bagaimanapun, adalah melihat lebih mengkhawatirkan jenis investasi dalam produksi karet. Menghadapi meningkatnya permintaan global dan kekurangan lahan, negara produsen utama karet telah berpaling ke negara-negara tetangga untuk memperluas produksi karet mereka.The last few years has seen a new wave of rubber investors acquiring large swathes of land in neighbouring ‘frontier’ countries such as Cambodia and Laos, with devastating consequences for both people and forests. In 2013, Global Witness exposed this new reality of the industry in its report ‘Rubber Barons’. Now the industry has its sight set on Burma, often dubbed the ‘final frontier’ for investors in the rush for the world’s remaining natural resources.Decades of military dictatorship and rampant corruption has already seen many of Burma’s abundant natural resources exploited for the benefit of a few. A culture of secrecy surrounding land investments has further fuelled concerns that Burma’s natural wealth is being looted by members of the military, political and business elite whilst the poor are left empty-handed.The last few years has seen huge rubber plantations expand into the country, and with the suspension of sanctions and the country opening up for the first time to global investors, far from bringing progress this agricultural investment model risks both exacerbating poverty levels and increasing deforestation.It’s not clear why investors are buying up such large tracts of land for rubber when it’s grown so effectively by smallholders and no one in the industry has really been able to provide an answer. It’s true to say, however, that large-scale land investments tend to go hand-in-hand with both weak rule of law and a lack of recognition of local people’s rights to their land.Access to valuable timber may also be an incentive: land grabbing and forest destruction are frequently two sides of the same coin. Companies grab land to access valuable species such as rosewood, while forests are cleared to make way for agriculture. In both cases local communities and the environment lose out to companies and corrupt politicians.Land deals don’t need to happen this way—there is masses of evidence to show that investing in and supporting smallholder farmers brings lasting economic, social and environmental benefits. Burma already has an established smallholder rubber industry—what farmers need is government support to boost the productivity and quality of the rubber they produce.This can be done through the provision of extension services and better access to the right technology. Well-supported cooperatives can also improve the efficiency and productivity of smallholders and, in turn, secure greater commercial and economic benefits for farmers.In order for farmers to benefit in the long-term from these projects, they need to have secure tenure of the land and resources on which they rely for their livelihoods. The current drafting of the new national land policy provides an opportunity to ensure that the needs and rights of smallholder farmers are protected and to strengthen and align the current laws governing land investments. Civil society engagement in the drafting of the policy will be a crucial part of the process.The international community is poised to invest in Burma’s rich natural assets. The government currently stands at a crossroads with regards to how it takes advantage of such foreign investor interest. The future of Burma is not yet clear, but the decisions taken now will impact significantly on the country’s people and environment for many years to come.Source:http://www.irrawaddy.org/contributor/global-rush-rubber-burma-final-frontier.html
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