Overall, the vegetation represented by the pollen spectra from Lehner  terjemahan - Overall, the vegetation represented by the pollen spectra from Lehner  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Overall, the vegetation represented

Overall, the vegetation represented by the pollen spectra from Lehner Ranch suggests a desert-grassland, which today occupies slightly wetter sites nearby. Mehringer and Haynes concluded that the climate at the Lehner site 11,000 years ago was only slightly wetter and cooler than today, followed by a rapid shift toward drier conditions. As many palynology studies have found, only a small shift in temperature and/or precipitation was required to produce dramatic differences in the environment at the Lehner Ranch site. And it may have been that slight change in rainfall and temperature that caused mammoths, horses,and a range of other animals to disappear from the southern Arizona landscape forever.
One major contribution of pollen analysis to archaeology is the reconstruction of environmental change. Properly applied, pollen studies can also help archaeologists understand past human behavior (see “Looking Closer: Palynology of Shanidar Cave: Why Formation Processes Matter”). Pollen can also play a role in figuring out what plants were important in prehistoric diet. An example from Nevada’s Stillwater Marsh shows how and introduces other sources of paleoethnobotanical information.
What Plants Did People Eat
in the Stillwater Marsh?
You recall from Chapter 3 that floods exposed dozens of archaeological sites and human burials in the Stillwater Marsh of Nevada’s Carson Desert. We discuss the burials in the next chapter; here we focus on the plant remains recovered from one site. Site 26CH1062 sits on a low clay dune and contains pits, postholes, and at least two ephemeral houses. People lived there at least twice, about 1400 and 1000 radiocarbon years ago. We water-screened all the sediments, and recovered a large number of stone tools, manufacturing waste flakes, shells, and faunal remains. We also floated sediment samples from several of the features and retrieved many carbonized macrobotanical remains. We sent these to paleoethnobotanist David Rhode (Desert Research Institute). Looking at the samples under a microscope, Rhode identified the carbonized seeds and charcoal using a comparative collection; most of the charcoal was reed (Phragmites australis), greasewood (Sarcobatus sp.), and willow (Salix sp.). These plants are found today in the Carson Desert, and they could have been firewood, or used in housing or tools.
Rhode also found the carbonized seeds of cattail, dock, seepweed, chenopods, pickleweed, silverscale, heliotrope, saltbush, and goosefoot. The site’s inhabitants could have gathered any of these as food, and all, again, occur in the area today. One of the most abundant seeds was that of bulrush (Scirpus sp.), one of the many plants that the indigenous Paiute Indians gathered and ate in the nineteenth century. Experimental data show that bulrush seeds are an efficiently gathered and nutritious resource. But did people collect bulrush for food? Maybe the seeds were attached to bulrush plants that were used to uild shelter or baskets, and were accidentally burned. Were bulrush plants, and not just their seeds, present on the site? To answer this question, we looked at another source of plant data in archaeological sites.
Phytoliths
Phytoliths, literally “plant stones,” are microscopic plant opals. As plants take in water, they also take in silica and deposit it between cells, within cell walls, or in the cells themselves. Phytoliths occur in various grasses, as well as in rushes, sedges, palms, conifers, and deciduous trees. When plant material decays, the almost indestructible phytoliths are left behind. Phytoliths take the shape of the cells in which they wer deposited, and because different grasses have different cell shapes, their phytoliths also have different shapes. This means that we can identify the presence of certain kinds of plants long after those plants have decayed and disappeared. Phytolith analysis, therefore, is similar to pollen analysis, although phytoliths are not quite as identifiable to species as pollen. Phytolith analysis was extremely useful in the Stillwater Marsh. Our sediment samples contained abundant, wellpreserved phytoliths. Most of these were from Phragmites, a common marsh grass. What was most intriguing, however,was the absence of sedge phytoliths (phytoliths produced by plants such as bulrush). This means that no bulrush
plants decayed on the site. Perhaps, then, there was no bulrush in the Stillwater
Marsh 1000 years ago. Perhaps a visitor brought some bulrush seed cakes from another wetland, such as Winnemucca Lake to the west. This is a question about the regional vegetative environment, and it is best answered through pollen data. So, we also took pollen samples from several of the site’s features. Analysis showed these to contain pollen that is little different from the modern pollen rain; in fact, bulrush pollen was abundant. So, now we know (1) that burnt bulrush seeds were present on the site, (2) that bulrush plants were not on the site,
that bulrush seeds were brought to the site to be eaten. The macrobotanical remains were also interesting because of what was not present. Completely missing were the seeds of upland plants such as ricegrass or piñon pine nut hulls, both important food sources to the nineteenth-century Paiute. This suggests that when people lived in the Carson Sink, they got their plant food exclusively from the wetland. They did not travel even a few kilometers into the low foothills to gather ricegrass, nor did they hike another 20 kilometers into the hills to gather piñon.
Site Seasonality
The seasonality of the Agate Basin site was determined using faunal remains, but we used the macrobotanical remains at 26CH1062. Establishing seasonality from plant remains is a matter of determining the plant foods’ seasons of availability. Recall that we found seeds of bulrush, cattail, seepweed, dock, chenopods, pickleweed, heliotrope, silverscale, saltbush, and goosefoot. We know that most of these seeds ripen in mid- to late summer and into the early winter, although dock and heliotrope are gathered throughout the summer only. All of these resources, therefore, are only available in the late summer, and that is probably the best estimate of when the site was occupied, although an occupation from midsummer into the late fall cannot be ruled out.
0/5000
Dari: -
Ke: -
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
Overall, the vegetation represented by the pollen spectra from Lehner Ranch suggests a desert-grassland, which today occupies slightly wetter sites nearby. Mehringer and Haynes concluded that the climate at the Lehner site 11,000 years ago was only slightly wetter and cooler than today, followed by a rapid shift toward drier conditions. As many palynology studies have found, only a small shift in temperature and/or precipitation was required to produce dramatic differences in the environment at the Lehner Ranch site. And it may have been that slight change in rainfall and temperature that caused mammoths, horses,and a range of other animals to disappear from the southern Arizona landscape forever.One major contribution of pollen analysis to archaeology is the reconstruction of environmental change. Properly applied, pollen studies can also help archaeologists understand past human behavior (see “Looking Closer: Palynology of Shanidar Cave: Why Formation Processes Matter”). Pollen can also play a role in figuring out what plants were important in prehistoric diet. An example from Nevada’s Stillwater Marsh shows how and introduces other sources of paleoethnobotanical information.What Plants Did People Eatin the Stillwater Marsh?You recall from Chapter 3 that floods exposed dozens of archaeological sites and human burials in the Stillwater Marsh of Nevada’s Carson Desert. We discuss the burials in the next chapter; here we focus on the plant remains recovered from one site. Site 26CH1062 sits on a low clay dune and contains pits, postholes, and at least two ephemeral houses. People lived there at least twice, about 1400 and 1000 radiocarbon years ago. We water-screened all the sediments, and recovered a large number of stone tools, manufacturing waste flakes, shells, and faunal remains. We also floated sediment samples from several of the features and retrieved many carbonized macrobotanical remains. We sent these to paleoethnobotanist David Rhode (Desert Research Institute). Looking at the samples under a microscope, Rhode identified the carbonized seeds and charcoal using a comparative collection; most of the charcoal was reed (Phragmites australis), greasewood (Sarcobatus sp.), and willow (Salix sp.). These plants are found today in the Carson Desert, and they could have been firewood, or used in housing or tools.Rhode also found the carbonized seeds of cattail, dock, seepweed, chenopods, pickleweed, silverscale, heliotrope, saltbush, and goosefoot. The site’s inhabitants could have gathered any of these as food, and all, again, occur in the area today. One of the most abundant seeds was that of bulrush (Scirpus sp.), one of the many plants that the indigenous Paiute Indians gathered and ate in the nineteenth century. Experimental data show that bulrush seeds are an efficiently gathered and nutritious resource. But did people collect bulrush for food? Maybe the seeds were attached to bulrush plants that were used to uild shelter or baskets, and were accidentally burned. Were bulrush plants, and not just their seeds, present on the site? To answer this question, we looked at another source of plant data in archaeological sites.PhytolithsPhytoliths, literally “plant stones,” are microscopic plant opals. As plants take in water, they also take in silica and deposit it between cells, within cell walls, or in the cells themselves. Phytoliths occur in various grasses, as well as in rushes, sedges, palms, conifers, and deciduous trees. When plant material decays, the almost indestructible phytoliths are left behind. Phytoliths take the shape of the cells in which they wer deposited, and because different grasses have different cell shapes, their phytoliths also have different shapes. This means that we can identify the presence of certain kinds of plants long after those plants have decayed and disappeared. Phytolith analysis, therefore, is similar to pollen analysis, although phytoliths are not quite as identifiable to species as pollen. Phytolith analysis was extremely useful in the Stillwater Marsh. Our sediment samples contained abundant, wellpreserved phytoliths. Most of these were from Phragmites, a common marsh grass. What was most intriguing, however,was the absence of sedge phytoliths (phytoliths produced by plants such as bulrush). This means that no bulrushplants decayed on the site. Perhaps, then, there was no bulrush in the StillwaterMarsh 1000 years ago. Perhaps a visitor brought some bulrush seed cakes from another wetland, such as Winnemucca Lake to the west. This is a question about the regional vegetative environment, and it is best answered through pollen data. So, we also took pollen samples from several of the site’s features. Analysis showed these to contain pollen that is little different from the modern pollen rain; in fact, bulrush pollen was abundant. So, now we know (1) that burnt bulrush seeds were present on the site, (2) that bulrush plants were not on the site, that bulrush seeds were brought to the site to be eaten. The macrobotanical remains were also interesting because of what was not present. Completely missing were the seeds of upland plants such as ricegrass or piñon pine nut hulls, both important food sources to the nineteenth-century Paiute. This suggests that when people lived in the Carson Sink, they got their plant food exclusively from the wetland. They did not travel even a few kilometers into the low foothills to gather ricegrass, nor did they hike another 20 kilometers into the hills to gather piñon.Site SeasonalityThe seasonality of the Agate Basin site was determined using faunal remains, but we used the macrobotanical remains at 26CH1062. Establishing seasonality from plant remains is a matter of determining the plant foods’ seasons of availability. Recall that we found seeds of bulrush, cattail, seepweed, dock, chenopods, pickleweed, heliotrope, silverscale, saltbush, and goosefoot. We know that most of these seeds ripen in mid- to late summer and into the early winter, although dock and heliotrope are gathered throughout the summer only. All of these resources, therefore, are only available in the late summer, and that is probably the best estimate of when the site was occupied, although an occupation from midsummer into the late fall cannot be ruled out.
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Secara keseluruhan, vegetasi diwakili oleh spektrum serbuk sari dari Lehner Ranch menunjukkan gurun-padang rumput, yang saat ini menempati lokasi yang sedikit basah di dekatnya. Mehringer dan Haynes menyimpulkan bahwa iklim di situs Lehner 11.000 tahun yang lalu itu hanya sedikit basah dan dingin dari hari ini, diikuti dengan perubahan cepat menuju kondisi yang lebih kering. Seperti banyak penelitian Palynology telah menemukan, hanya sedikit perubahan suhu dan / atau curah hujan yang dibutuhkan untuk menghasilkan perbedaan dramatis dalam lingkungan di lokasi Lehner Ranch. Dan itu mungkin yang sedikit perubahan curah hujan dan suhu yang menyebabkan mammoth, kuda, dan berbagai hewan lainnya menghilang dari lanskap Arizona selatan selamanya.
Salah satu kontribusi besar dari analisis serbuk sari untuk arkeologi adalah rekonstruksi perubahan lingkungan. Benar diterapkan, penelitian serbuk sari juga dapat membantu arkeolog memahami masa lalu perilaku manusia (lihat "Melihat Lebih Dekat: Palynology dari Shanidar Cave: Mengapa Formasi Proses Materi"). Pollen juga dapat berperan dalam mencari tahu apa tanaman yang penting dalam diet prasejarah. Contoh dari Nevada Stillwater Marsh menunjukkan bagaimana dan memperkenalkan sumber informasi lain paleoethnobotanical.
Tanaman apa Apakah Orang Makan
di Stillwater Marsh?
Anda ingat dari Bab 3 yang membanjiri puluhan terkena situs arkeologi dan penguburan manusia di Stillwater Marsh of Nevada Carson Desert. Kami membahas penguburan di bab berikutnya; di sini kita fokus pada tanaman tetap pulih dari satu situs. Situs 26CH1062 duduk di gundukan tanah liat yang rendah dan mengandung lubang, postholes, dan setidaknya dua rumah singkat. Orang-orang tinggal di sana setidaknya dua kali, sekitar 1400 dan 1000 radiokarbon tahun yang lalu. Kami air disaring semua sedimen, dan pulih sejumlah besar alat-alat batu, serpih limbah manufaktur, kerang, dan sisa-sisa fauna. Kami juga mengapung sampel sedimen dari beberapa fitur dan diambil banyak sisa-sisa macrobotanical berkarbonisasi. Kami mengirim ini untuk paleoethnobotanist David Rhode (Desert Research Institute). Melihat sampel di bawah mikroskop, Rhode mengidentifikasi benih terkarbonisasi dan arang menggunakan koleksi komparatif; sebagian arang itu buluh (Phragmites australis), greasewood (Sarcobataceae sp.), dan willow (Salix sp.). Tanaman ini ditemukan hari ini di Carson Desert, dan mereka bisa saja kayu bakar, atau digunakan di perumahan atau alat.
Rhode juga menemukan biji terkarbonisasi Cattail, dermaga, seepweed, chenopods, pickleweed, silverscale, heliotrope, saltbush, dan goosefoot. Penduduk situs bisa mengumpulkan semua ini sebagai makanan, dan semua, sekali lagi, terjadi di daerah ini. Salah satu benih yang paling banyak adalah bahwa dari rumput gajah (Scirpus sp.), Salah satu dari banyak tanaman yang asli Paiute Indian berkumpul dan makan di abad kesembilan belas. Data percobaan menunjukkan bahwa biji rumput gajah adalah sumber efisien berkumpul dan bergizi. Tapi apakah orang mengumpulkan rumput gajah untuk makanan? Mungkin benih melekat rumput gajah tanaman yang digunakan untuk uild tempat tinggal atau keranjang, dan sengaja dibakar. Apakah tanaman rumput gajah, dan bukan hanya benih mereka, hadir di situs? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini, kita melihat sumber lain data pabrik di situs arkeologi.
phytoliths
phytoliths, secara harfiah "batu tanaman," adalah opal tanaman mikroskopis. Sebagai tanaman mengambil air, mereka juga mengambil dalam silika dan menyimpannya di antara sel-sel, dalam dinding sel, atau sel-sel itu sendiri. Phytoliths terjadi di berbagai rumput, serta bergegas, daun, telapak tangan, konifer, dan daun pohon. Ketika bahan tanaman membusuk, yang phytoliths hampir tidak bisa dihancurkan tertinggal. Phytoliths mengambil bentuk sel-sel di mana mereka wer disimpan, dan karena rumput yang berbeda memiliki bentuk sel yang berbeda, phytoliths mereka juga memiliki bentuk yang berbeda. Ini berarti bahwa kita dapat mengidentifikasi adanya beberapa jenis tanaman lama setelah pabrik-pabrik telah membusuk dan menghilang. Phytolith analisis, oleh karena itu, mirip dengan analisis serbuk sari, meskipun phytoliths yang tidak begitu diidentifikasi untuk spesies serbuk sari. Analisis Phytolith sangat berguna dalam Stillwater Marsh. Sampel sedimen kami berisi berlimpah, phytoliths wellpreserved. Sebagian besar berasal dari Phragmites, rumput rawa umum. Apa yang paling menarik, bagaimanapun, adalah tidak adanya phytoliths alang (phytoliths yang dihasilkan oleh tanaman seperti rumput gajah). Ini berarti bahwa tidak ada rumput gajah
tanaman membusuk di situs. Mungkin, saat itu, tidak ada rumput gajah di Stillwater
Marsh 1000 tahun yang lalu. Mungkin pengunjung membawa beberapa kue biji rumput gajah dari lahan basah lain, seperti Winnemucca Lake ke barat. Ini adalah pertanyaan tentang lingkungan vegetatif regional, dan yang terbaik adalah dijawab melalui data serbuk sari. Jadi, kami juga mengambil sampel serbuk sari dari beberapa fitur situs. Analisis menunjukkan ini mengandung serbuk sari yang sedikit berbeda dari hujan serbuk sari modern; pada kenyataannya, rumput gajah serbuk sari berlimpah. Jadi, sekarang kita tahu (1) yang dibakar bibit rumput gajah yang hadir di situs, (2) bahwa tanaman rumput gajah tidak di situs,
yang benih rumput gajah dibawa ke situs yang akan dimakan. Sisa-sisa macrobotanical juga menarik karena apa yang tidak hadir. Benar-benar hilang adalah bibit tanaman dataran tinggi seperti ricegrass atau piñon pinus lambung kacang, kedua sumber makanan penting bagi-abad kesembilan belas Paiute. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ketika orang tinggal di Carson Sink, mereka mendapat makanan tanaman mereka secara eksklusif dari lahan basah. Mereka tidak melakukan perjalanan bahkan beberapa kilometer ke kaki bukit rendah untuk mengumpulkan ricegrass, mereka juga tidak mendaki 20 kilometer ke bukit untuk mengumpulkan piñon.
Situs Musiman
The musiman situs Agate Basin ditentukan dengan menggunakan sisa-sisa fauna, tapi kami menggunakan macrobotanical tetap di 26CH1062. Membangun musiman dari sisa-sisa tanaman adalah masalah menentukan musim tanaman makanan 'ketersediaan. Ingat bahwa kita menemukan benih rumput gajah, Cattail, seepweed, dermaga, chenopods, pickleweed, heliotrope, silverscale, saltbush, dan goosefoot. Kita tahu bahwa sebagian besar benih tersebut matang di pertengahan sampai akhir musim panas dan awal musim dingin ke dalam, meskipun dermaga dan heliotrope dikumpulkan sepanjang musim panas saja. Semua sumber daya ini, oleh karena itu, hanya tersedia di akhir musim panas, dan itu mungkin adalah estimasi terbaik dari ketika situs diduduki, meskipun suatu pekerjaan dari pertengahan musim panas ke musim gugur tidak dapat dikesampingkan.
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
Bahasa lainnya
Dukungan alat penerjemahan: Afrikans, Albania, Amhara, Arab, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahasa Indonesia, Basque, Belanda, Belarussia, Bengali, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Burma, Cebuano, Ceko, Chichewa, China, Cina Tradisional, Denmark, Deteksi bahasa, Esperanto, Estonia, Farsi, Finlandia, Frisia, Gaelig, Gaelik Skotlandia, Galisia, Georgia, Gujarati, Hausa, Hawaii, Hindi, Hmong, Ibrani, Igbo, Inggris, Islan, Italia, Jawa, Jepang, Jerman, Kannada, Katala, Kazak, Khmer, Kinyarwanda, Kirghiz, Klingon, Korea, Korsika, Kreol Haiti, Kroat, Kurdi, Laos, Latin, Latvia, Lituania, Luksemburg, Magyar, Makedonia, Malagasi, Malayalam, Malta, Maori, Marathi, Melayu, Mongol, Nepal, Norsk, Odia (Oriya), Pashto, Polandia, Portugis, Prancis, Punjabi, Rumania, Rusia, Samoa, Serb, Sesotho, Shona, Sindhi, Sinhala, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somali, Spanyol, Sunda, Swahili, Swensk, Tagalog, Tajik, Tamil, Tatar, Telugu, Thai, Turki, Turkmen, Ukraina, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Vietnam, Wales, Xhosa, Yiddi, Yoruba, Yunani, Zulu, Bahasa terjemahan.

Copyright ©2025 I Love Translation. All reserved.

E-mail: