For example, the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) records in the terjemahan - For example, the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) records in the Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

For example, the Verenigde Oostindi

For example, the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) records in the Algemeen Rijksarchief at Den Haag in The Netherlands are very extensive and include both primary and secondary sources (Meilink-Roelofsz et al., 1992).The primary sources are the letters, papers, books, and documents, all handwritten, which were made at the time and have been bound together into Letter Books or Committee Minute Books, etc., or exist as loose papers. With documentary sources originating in the 17th century or an earlier period, there is the immediate problem of reading the handwriting.
The handwriting, particularly in English, can be very difficult to read. Copperplate writing came into use toward the end of the 17th century. A useful introduction and guide to handwriting is Hector (1966). Adding to the complication
are the changes that the language has undergone over the years. This may not be a problem in interpreting one’s native language, but reading a foreign language can become a real difficulty, because the spelling of words has changed. Latin was often used in England in the 16th century for official records, creating more problems for those of us who lack the benefit of a classical education.
Notwithstanding the benefits, working for long periods in the archives carries its own problems. It is expensive to live in another town or in a foreign country and work in the archives. It is therefore a good idea to go to the archives and conduct a survey of what is required and then order microfilms of the material. In this way the documents can be read using a microfilm reader at home at a later date and the research is not limited by the opening and closing hours of the archives and libraries.
The secondary sources are where the primary sources have been compiled as, for example, in Calendar of State Papers (Sainsbury, 1870), the general letters of the VOC (Coolhaas, 1960–1968). In most cases the author, or editor, has read through the primary, handwritten manuscript sources, has selected the sections that are considered to be the most interesting (discarding the rest), and published them in a printed form. The result is easy to read and is very useful because it usually has extensive indices.Thus the secondary sources are often the easiest way to get to the primary source material. Inevitably, however, information is left out of these compilations, so for any serious study it is essential to refer to the primary source. It may well be that the compiler considered wrecks to be of no real importance, and therefore left them out of the edition. After all, something has to be discarded.
It is possible to employ archivists to do the research.There are advantages and disadvantages to this approach. It is often cheaper and quicker to employ someone who knows the archives intimately and knows how to read and
translate the documents. However, the disadvantages are that researchers generally follow instructions to the letter and often miss important items because they do not have firsthand experience of the subject. Additionally,
the investigator does not get to know the background information which will give a broader understanding of the subject. For example, if information is requested on the loss of a certain vessel, that is what will be given, but it may be that there was some peculiarity about the event that to the researcher may seem irrelevant, but to the investigator it may be crucial. By doing the work, other information may be learned that is related or is more significant.This is an important factor to remember, because the archivist will not be familiar with the investigator’s particular interest. Possibly, one could get the researcher to do the initial research to locate the main references and then this could be followed by a period of firsthand study.


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For example, the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) records in the Algemeen Rijksarchief at Den Haag in The Netherlands are very extensive and include both primary and secondary sources (Meilink-Roelofsz et al., 1992).The primary sources are the letters, papers, books, and documents, all handwritten, which were made at the time and have been bound together into Letter Books or Committee Minute Books, etc., or exist as loose papers. With documentary sources originating in the 17th century or an earlier period, there is the immediate problem of reading the handwriting. The handwriting, particularly in English, can be very difficult to read. Copperplate writing came into use toward the end of the 17th century. A useful introduction and guide to handwriting is Hector (1966). Adding to the complicationare the changes that the language has undergone over the years. This may not be a problem in interpreting one’s native language, but reading a foreign language can become a real difficulty, because the spelling of words has changed. Latin was often used in England in the 16th century for official records, creating more problems for those of us who lack the benefit of a classical education.Notwithstanding the benefits, working for long periods in the archives carries its own problems. It is expensive to live in another town or in a foreign country and work in the archives. It is therefore a good idea to go to the archives and conduct a survey of what is required and then order microfilms of the material. In this way the documents can be read using a microfilm reader at home at a later date and the research is not limited by the opening and closing hours of the archives and libraries.The secondary sources are where the primary sources have been compiled as, for example, in Calendar of State Papers (Sainsbury, 1870), the general letters of the VOC (Coolhaas, 1960–1968). In most cases the author, or editor, has read through the primary, handwritten manuscript sources, has selected the sections that are considered to be the most interesting (discarding the rest), and published them in a printed form. The result is easy to read and is very useful because it usually has extensive indices.Thus the secondary sources are often the easiest way to get to the primary source material. Inevitably, however, information is left out of these compilations, so for any serious study it is essential to refer to the primary source. It may well be that the compiler considered wrecks to be of no real importance, and therefore left them out of the edition. After all, something has to be discarded.It is possible to employ archivists to do the research.There are advantages and disadvantages to this approach. It is often cheaper and quicker to employ someone who knows the archives intimately and knows how to read andtranslate the documents. However, the disadvantages are that researchers generally follow instructions to the letter and often miss important items because they do not have firsthand experience of the subject. Additionally,the investigator does not get to know the background information which will give a broader understanding of the subject. For example, if information is requested on the loss of a certain vessel, that is what will be given, but it may be that there was some peculiarity about the event that to the researcher may seem irrelevant, but to the investigator it may be crucial. By doing the work, other information may be learned that is related or is more significant.This is an important factor to remember, because the archivist will not be familiar with the investigator’s particular interest. Possibly, one could get the researcher to do the initial research to locate the main references and then this could be followed by a period of firsthand study.
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Sebagai contoh, Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) catatan dalam Algemeen Rijksarchief di Den Haag di Belanda sangat luas dan termasuk sumber primer dan sekunder (Meilink-Roelofsz et al., 1992) .suatu sumber-sumber primer adalah huruf, kertas , buku, dan dokumen, semua tulisan tangan, yang dibuat pada saat itu dan telah terikat bersama-sama ke Surat buku atau buku Menit Komite, dll, atau ada kertas longgar. Dengan sumber dokumenter yang berasal dari abad ke-17 atau periode sebelumnya, ada masalah segera membaca tulisan tangan.
Tulisan tangan, terutama dalam bahasa Inggris, bisa sangat sulit untuk dibaca. Menulis tembaga mulai digunakan pada akhir abad ke-17. Sebuah pengantar yang berguna dan panduan untuk tulisan tangan adalah Hector (1966). Menambah komplikasi
adalah perubahan yang bahasa telah mengalami selama bertahun-tahun. Ini mungkin tidak menjadi masalah dalam menafsirkan bahasa asli seseorang, tetapi membaca bahasa asing dapat menjadi kesulitan yang nyata, karena ejaan kata-kata telah berubah. Latin sering digunakan di Inggris pada abad ke-16 untuk catatan resmi, menciptakan lebih banyak masalah bagi kita yang tidak memiliki manfaat dari pendidikan klasik.
Meskipun manfaat, bekerja untuk waktu yang lama di arsip membawa masalah sendiri. Hal ini mahal untuk tinggal di kota lain atau di luar negeri dan bekerja di arsip. Oleh karena itu adalah ide yang baik untuk pergi ke arsip dan melakukan survei dari apa yang dibutuhkan dan kemudian memesan mikrofilm material. Dengan cara ini dokumen dapat dibaca menggunakan pembaca mikrofilm di rumah di kemudian hari dan penelitian ini tidak dibatasi oleh pembukaan dan penutupan jam arsip dan perpustakaan.
Sumber sekunder adalah di mana sumber-sumber primer telah disusun sebagai, untuk misalnya, di Kalender Papers Negara (Sainsbury, 1870), surat-surat umum VOC (Coolhaas, 1960-1968). Dalam kebanyakan kasus penulis, atau editor, telah membaca melalui primer, sumber naskah tulisan tangan, telah memilih bagian yang dianggap paling menarik (membuang sisanya), dan diterbitkan dalam bentuk cetak. Hasilnya adalah mudah dibaca dan sangat berguna karena biasanya memiliki indices.Thus luas sumber sekunder sering cara termudah untuk mendapatkan bahan sumber primer. Tak pelak, bagaimanapun, informasi yang tersisa dari kompilasi ini, sehingga untuk setiap studi serius adalah penting untuk merujuk pada sumber utama. Mungkin saja bahwa compiler dianggap bangkai kapal menjadi tidak penting nyata, dan karena itu meninggalkan mereka keluar dari edisi. Setelah semua, sesuatu harus dibuang.
Hal ini dimungkinkan untuk menggunakan arsiparis untuk melakukan research.There keuntungan dan kerugian untuk pendekatan ini. Hal ini sering lebih murah dan lebih cepat untuk mempekerjakan seseorang yang tahu arsip intim dan tahu bagaimana membaca dan
menerjemahkan dokumen. Namun, Kerugiannya adalah bahwa peneliti umumnya mengikuti petunjuk untuk surat dan sering kehilangan barang-barang penting karena mereka tidak memiliki pengalaman langsung dari subjek. Selain itu,
penyidik ​​tidak mengenal informasi latar belakang yang akan memberikan pemahaman yang lebih luas tentang subjek. Sebagai contoh, jika informasi yang diminta pada hilangnya kapal tertentu, itulah yang akan diberikan, tapi mungkin bahwa ada beberapa keganjilan tentang hal kepada peneliti mungkin tampak tidak relevan, tapi penyidik ​​itu mungkin penting . Dengan melakukan pekerjaan, informasi lain dapat belajar bahwa adalah terkait atau lebih significant.This merupakan faktor penting untuk diingat, karena arsip tidak akan akrab dengan bunga khususnya penyidik. Mungkin, salah satu bisa mendapatkan peneliti untuk melakukan penelitian awal untuk mencari referensi utama dan kemudian ini dapat diikuti oleh masa studi langsung.


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