Short-term memory, also known as pr

Short-term memory, also known as primary or active memory, is the information we are currently aware of or thinking about. The information found in short term memory comes from paying attention to sensory memories.

A quick overview:

Short-term memory is very brief. When short-term memories are not rehearsed or actively maintained, they last mere seconds.
Short-term memory is limited. It is commonly suggested that short-term memory can hold seven plus or minus two items.
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The Duration of Short-Term Memory

Most of the information kept in short-term memory will be stored for approximately 20 to 30 seconds, but it can be just seconds if rehearsal or active maintenance of the information is prevented. Some information can last in short-term memory for up to a minute, but most information spontaneously decays quite quickly.

For example, imagine that you are trying to remember a phone number. The other person rattles off the phone number, and you make a quick mental note.

See Also: A Deeper Look Into Human Memory

Moments later you realize that you have already forgotten the number. Without rehearsing or continuing to repeat the number until it is committed to memory, the information is quickly lost from short-term memory.

You can increase the duration of short-term memories to an extent by using rehearsal strategies such as saying the information aloud or mentally repeating it. However, information in short-term memory is also high susceptible to interference. Any new information that enters short-term memory will quickly displace any old information.

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Similar items in the environment can also interfere with short-term memories.

While many of our short-term memories are quickly forgotten, attending to this information allows it to continue the next stage - long-term memory.

The Capacity of Short-Term Memory

The amount of information that can be stored in short-term memory can vary. An often cited figure is plus or minus seven items, based on the results of a famous experiment on short-term memory. In an influential paper titled "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two," psychologist George Miller suggested that people can store between five and nine items in short-term memory. More recent research suggests that people are capable of storing approximately four chunks or pieces of information in short-term memory.

Distinction Between Short-Term Memory and Working Memory

Short-term memory is often used interchangeably with working memory, but the two should be utilized separately. Working memory refers to the processes that are used to temporarily store, organize, and manipulate information. Short-term memory, on the other hand, refers only to the temporary storage of information in memory.

Distinguishing Short-Term from Long-Term Memory

Memory researchers often use what is referred to as the three-store model to conceptualize human memory. This model suggests that memory consists of three basic stores: sensory, short-term, and long-term and that each of these can be distinguished based on storage capacity and duration. While long-term memory has a seemingly unlimited capacity that last years, short-term memory is relatively brief and limited. Chunking information into small groups makes it easier to remember more items for a short period.

The information-processing view of memory suggests that human memory works much like a computer. In this model, information first enters short-term memory (a temporary holding store for recent events) and then some of this information is transferred into long-term memory (a relatively permanent store), much like information on a computer being placed on a hard disk.

How Can Short-Term Memories Become Long-Term Memories?

Since short-term memory is limited in both capacity and duration, the retention of memories requires transferring the information from short-term stores into long-term memory. How exactly does this take place? There are a few different ways that information can be committed to long-term memory.

As mentioned earlier, chunking is one memorization technique that can facilitate the transfer of information into long-term memory. This approach involves breaking up information into smaller segments. If you were trying to memorize a string of numbers, for example, you would segment them off into three or four item blocks.

Rehearsal can also help information make it into long-term memory. You might use this approach when studying materials for an exam. Instead of just reviewing the information once or twice, you might go over your notes over and over again until the critical information is committed to memory.

The exact mechanisms for how memories are transferred from short-term to long-term stores remain controversial and not well understood. The classic model, known as the Atkinson-Shiffrin model or multi-modal model, suggested that all short-term memories were automatically placed in long-term memory after a certain amount of time.

More recently, other researchers have proposed that some mental editing takes place and that only particular memories are selected for long-term retention. Still other researchers dispute the idea that there are separate stores for short-term and long-term memories.
How Does Your Long-Term Memory Work?
Long-term memory - Baris Simsek / E+ / Getty Images
Read
What Is Iconic Memory?
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Overview of Memory
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What Is Procedural Memory?
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What Is Episodic Memory?
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How Information is Retrieved From Memory
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A Deeper Look Into Human Memory
- Getty Images
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Reasons Why We Forget
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Top 10 Tips for Improving Memory
Read
What Is a Stimulus?
Read
What Is a False Memory?
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10 Facts About Memory
Read
PHILOSOPHY
René Descartes (1596-1650)
- Photo courtesy of the Art Renewal Center.
Read
Forgetting : When Memory Fails
Read
About.com Education Psychology Psychology Dictionary: Terms from A to Z Psychology Glossary: S Index What Is Short-Term Memory?

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Memori jangka pendek, juga dikenal sebagai primer atau aktif memori, adalah informasi kami sedang menyadari atau memikirkan. Informasi yang ditemukan Singkatnya memori jangka berasal dari memperhatikan sensorik kenangan.Sebuah gambaran singkat:Memori jangka pendek sangat singkat. Ketika kenangan jangka pendek tidak berlatih atau secara aktif dipelihara, mereka bertahan hanya detik.Memori jangka pendek terbatas. Umumnya disarankan bahwa memori jangka pendek dapat memegang tujuh plus atau minus dua item.Lanjutkan membaca di bawah iniDurasi memori jangka pendekSebagian besar informasi yang disimpan dalam memori jangka pendek akan disimpan selama sekitar 20-30 detik, tetapi hal ini dapat hanya beberapa detik jika latihan atau aktif pemeliharaan informasi dicegah. Beberapa informasi yang dapat bertahan dalam memori jangka pendek untuk sampai satu menit, tetapi kebanyakan informasi secara spontan meluruh cukup cepat.Sebagai contoh, bayangkan bahwa Anda sedang mencoba untuk mengingat nomor telepon. Orang lain mainan kerincingan dari nomor telepon, dan Anda membuat catatan mental cepat.Lihat juga: A Deeper Lihat ke memori manusiaBeberapa saat kemudian Anda menyadari bahwa Anda sudah lupa nomor. Tanpa mengulangi atau terus ulangi nomor sampai berkomitmen untuk memori, informasi cepat hilang dari memori jangka pendek.Anda dapat meningkatkan durasi jangka pendek kenangan rupa dengan menggunakan strategi latihan seperti mengatakan informasi keras atau mental mengulanginya. Namun, informasi dalam memori jangka pendek ini juga tinggi mengalami gangguan. Informasi baru yang memasuki memori jangka pendek dengan cepat akan menggantikan informasi lama.Lanjutkan membaca di bawah iniItem serupa di lingkungan juga dapat mengganggu kenangan jangka pendek.Sementara banyak kenangan jangka pendek kami akan segera terlupakan, menghadiri ke informasi ini memungkinkan untuk melanjutkan tahap berikutnya - memori jangka panjang.Kapasitas memori jangka pendekJumlah informasi yang dapat disimpan dalam memori jangka pendek dapat bervariasi. Tokoh yang sering dikutip adalah ditambah atau dikurangi tujuh item, berdasarkan hasil percobaan terkenal pada memori jangka pendek. Dalam kertas berpengaruh yang berjudul "Sihir nomor tujuh, Plus atau Minus dua," psikolog George Miller menyarankan bahwa orang dapat menyimpan antara lima dan sembilan item dalam memori jangka pendek. Penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa orang mampu menyimpan sekitar empat potongan atau informasi dalam memori jangka pendek.Perbedaan antara memori jangka pendek dan bekerja memoriMemori jangka pendek sering digunakan secara bergantian dengan memori kerja, tapi keduanya harus digunakan secara terpisah. Asal-usul mengacu pada proses yang digunakan untuk sementara menyimpan, mengatur, dan memanipulasi informasi. Memori jangka pendek, di sisi lain, hanya merujuk penyimpanan sementara informasi di memori.Distinguishing Short-Term from Long-Term MemoryMemory researchers often use what is referred to as the three-store model to conceptualize human memory. This model suggests that memory consists of three basic stores: sensory, short-term, and long-term and that each of these can be distinguished based on storage capacity and duration. While long-term memory has a seemingly unlimited capacity that last years, short-term memory is relatively brief and limited. Chunking information into small groups makes it easier to remember more items for a short period.The information-processing view of memory suggests that human memory works much like a computer. In this model, information first enters short-term memory (a temporary holding store for recent events) and then some of this information is transferred into long-term memory (a relatively permanent store), much like information on a computer being placed on a hard disk.How Can Short-Term Memories Become Long-Term Memories?Since short-term memory is limited in both capacity and duration, the retention of memories requires transferring the information from short-term stores into long-term memory. How exactly does this take place? There are a few different ways that information can be committed to long-term memory.As mentioned earlier, chunking is one memorization technique that can facilitate the transfer of information into long-term memory. This approach involves breaking up information into smaller segments. If you were trying to memorize a string of numbers, for example, you would segment them off into three or four item blocks.Rehearsal can also help information make it into long-term memory. You might use this approach when studying materials for an exam. Instead of just reviewing the information once or twice, you might go over your notes over and over again until the critical information is committed to memory.The exact mechanisms for how memories are transferred from short-term to long-term stores remain controversial and not well understood. The classic model, known as the Atkinson-Shiffrin model or multi-modal model, suggested that all short-term memories were automatically placed in long-term memory after a certain amount of time.More recently, other researchers have proposed that some mental editing takes place and that only particular memories are selected for long-term retention. Still other researchers dispute the idea that there are separate stores for short-term and long-term memories.How Does Your Long-Term Memory Work?Long-term memory - Baris Simsek / E+ / Getty ImagesReadWhat Is Iconic Memory?ReadOverview of MemoryReadWhat Is Procedural Memory?ReadContinue Reading BelowWhat Is Episodic Memory?ReadHow Information is Retrieved From MemoryReadA Deeper Look Into Human Memory - Getty ImagesReadReasons Why We ForgetReadTop 10 Tips for Improving MemoryReadWhat Is a Stimulus?ReadWhat Is a False Memory?Read10 Facts About MemoryReadPHILOSOPHYRené Descartes (1596-1650) - Photo courtesy of the Art Renewal Center.ReadForgetting : When Memory FailsReadAbout.com Education Psychology Psychology Dictionary: Terms from A to Z Psychology Glossary: S Index What Is Short-Term Memory?