According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a terjemahan - According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

According to sociologists, there ar

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.

Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
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According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.

Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
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Menurut sosiolog, ada beberapa cara yang berbeda di mana seseorang dapat menjadi diakui sebagai pemimpin kelompok sosial di Amerika Serikat. Dalam keluarga pola budaya tradisional memberi kepemimpinan pada salah satu atau kedua orang tua. Dalam kasus lain, seperti kelompok persahabatan, satu atau lebih orang secara bertahap muncul sebagai pemimpin, meskipun tidak ada proses formal seleksi. Dalam kelompok yang lebih besar, para pemimpin biasanya dipilih secara formal melalui pemilihan atau rekrutmen. Meskipun pemimpin sering dianggap orang-orang dengan kemampuan pribadi yang tidak biasa, dekade penelitian telah gagal menghasilkan bukti yang konsisten bahwa ada kategori "pemimpin alami." Tampaknya tidak ada set kualitas pribadi bahwa semua pemimpin memiliki kesamaan; bukan, hampir semua orang dapat diakui sebagai pemimpin jika orang yang memiliki kualitas yang memenuhi kebutuhan kelompok tertentu. Selain itu, meskipun umumnya diduga bahwa kelompok-kelompok sosial memiliki pemimpin tunggal, penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada biasanya dua peran kepemimpinan yang berbeda yang dipegang oleh individu yang berbeda. Kepemimpinan Instrumental adalah kepemimpinan yang menekankan penyelesaian tugas oleh kelompok sosial. Anggota kelompok melihat ke pemimpin berperan untuk "menyelesaikan sesuatu." Kepemimpinan ekspresif, di sisi lain, adalah kepemimpinan yang menekankan kolektif dengan baik-makhluk dari anggota kelompok sosial itu. Pemimpin ekspresif kurang peduli dengan tujuan keseluruhan kelompok dibandingkan dengan memberikan dukungan emosional kepada anggota kelompok dan berusaha untuk meminimalkan ketegangan dan konflik di antara mereka. Anggota kelompok mengharapkan pemimpin ekspresif untuk mempertahankan hubungan yang stabil dalam kelompok dan memberikan dukungan kepada masing-masing anggota. pemimpin Instrumental cenderung memiliki hubungan yang lebih sekunder untuk anggota kelompok lainnya. Mereka memberi orang lain dan dapat mendisiplinkan anggota kelompok yang menghambat pencapaian tujuan kelompok. Pemimpin ekspresif menumbuhkan hubungan yang lebih personal atau primer kepada orang lain dalam kelompok. Mereka menawarkan simpati ketika seseorang mengalami kesulitan atau terkena disiplin, cepat untuk meringankan momen serius dengan humor, dan mencoba untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang mengancam untuk membagi kelompok. Sebagai perbedaan dalam dua peran ini menunjukkan, para pemimpin ekspresif umumnya menerima kasih sayang yang lebih pribadi dari anggota kelompok; pemimpin instrumental, jika mereka sukses dalam mempromosikan tujuan kelompok, dapat menikmati hormat yang lebih jauh.





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