New regulatory challenges in the past decade haveforced bodies charged terjemahan - New regulatory challenges in the past decade haveforced bodies charged Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

New regulatory challenges in the pa

New regulatory challenges in the past decade have
forced bodies charged with environmental monitoring
to broaden the range of methods used routinely. In
particular, assessment of river water quality has expanded
to include biological monitoring as an essential
component alongside chemical measurements.
Such monitoring has typically focussed on the impact
of organic pollution and has relied primarily upon
analyses of the benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage
in a river (Metcalfe 1989). However, the introduction
of legislation (European Community 1991) concerned
with the impact of eutrophication in rivers has highlighted
the deficiencies of monitoring techniques
based on consumers rather than producers and stimulated
the development of methods based on primary
producers (Holmes et al. 1999; Kelly and Whitton
1995).
In the case of the United Kingdom, such techniques
have played an important role in determining
investment priorities of water companies responsible
for disposal of nutrient-rich sewage effluents to freshwaters.
Techniques based on both macrophytes and
benthic diatoms have been developed and used to designate
135 “eutrophic sensitive areas” in England and
Wales (Kelly and Harding 1999). Any sewage works
discharging into such rivers require more stringent
effluent treatment to reduce concentrations of phosphorus
than is normally the case.
Correct interpretation of such indices requires
good knowledge of the natural behaviour of the organisms
on which they are based. Issues such as the
extent of within- and between-year variability have
additional importance in determining the magnitude
of effect necessary for investment in additional sewage
treatment to be judged a success. This will, in
turn, strengthen the case for future investment. How
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New regulatory challenges in the past decade haveforced bodies charged with environmental monitoringto broaden the range of methods used routinely. Inparticular, assessment of river water quality has expandedto include biological monitoring as an essentialcomponent alongside chemical measurements.Such monitoring has typically focussed on the impactof organic pollution and has relied primarily uponanalyses of the benthic macroinvertebrate assemblagein a river (Metcalfe 1989). However, the introductionof legislation (European Community 1991) concernedwith the impact of eutrophication in rivers has highlightedthe deficiencies of monitoring techniquesbased on consumers rather than producers and stimulatedthe development of methods based on primaryproducers (Holmes et al. 1999; Kelly and Whitton1995).In the case of the United Kingdom, such techniqueshave played an important role in determininginvestment priorities of water companies responsiblefor disposal of nutrient-rich sewage effluents to freshwaters.Techniques based on both macrophytes andbenthic diatoms have been developed and used to designate135 “eutrophic sensitive areas” in England andWales (Kelly and Harding 1999). Any sewage worksdischarging into such rivers require more stringenteffluent treatment to reduce concentrations of phosphorusthan is normally the case.Correct interpretation of such indices requiresgood knowledge of the natural behaviour of the organismson which they are based. Issues such as theextent of within- and between-year variability haveadditional importance in determining the magnitudeof effect necessary for investment in additional sewagetreatment to be judged a success. This will, inturn, strengthen the case for future investment. How
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Tantangan regulasi baru dalam dekade terakhir telah
memaksa tubuh dituduh pemantauan lingkungan
untuk memperluas jangkauan metode yang digunakan secara rutin. Dalam
khusus, penilaian kualitas air sungai telah diperluas
untuk mencakup pemantauan biologi sebagai penting
komponen bersama pengukuran kimia.
Pemantauan tersebut telah biasanya difokuskan pada dampak
pencemaran organik dan mengandalkan terutama pada
analisis dari makroinvertebrata kumpulan bentik
di sungai (Metcalfe 1989 ). Namun, pengenalan
undang-undang (Masyarakat Eropa 1991) yang bersangkutan
dengan dampak eutrofikasi di sungai telah menyoroti
kekurangan dari teknik pemantauan
berdasarkan konsumen daripada produsen dan merangsang
pengembangan metode berdasarkan primer
produsen (Holmes et al 1999;. Kelly dan Whitton
1995).
Dalam kasus Inggris, teknik tersebut
telah memainkan peran penting dalam menentukan
prioritas investasi perusahaan air bertanggung jawab
untuk pembuangan yang kaya nutrisi limbah limbah ke freshwaters.
Teknik berdasarkan pada kedua macrophytes dan
diatom bentik telah dikembangkan dan digunakan untuk menunjuk
135 "eutrofik daerah sensitif" di Inggris dan
Wales (Kelly dan Harding 1999). Setiap limbah karya
pemakaian ke sungai seperti ini membutuhkan lebih ketat
pengolahan limbah untuk mengurangi konsentrasi fosfor
daripada biasanya terjadi.
Interpretasi yang benar dari indeks tersebut membutuhkan
pengetahuan yang baik dari perilaku alami dari organisme
yang mereka didasarkan. Isu-isu seperti
tingkat variabilitas within- dan antara tahun memiliki
kepentingan tambahan dalam menentukan besarnya
efek yang diperlukan untuk investasi di limbah tambahan
pengobatan untuk dinilai sukses. Ini akan, dalam
gilirannya, memperkuat kasus untuk investasi masa depan. Bagaimana
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