Speech Codes TheoryAfter three year

Speech Codes Theory

After three years on the staff of a youth organization, I resigned to pursue full-
time graduate work in communication at Northwestern University. Gerry Phil-
ipsen was one of my classmates. When I fi nished my Ph.D. course work, the
labor market was tight; I felt fortunate to receive an offer to teach at Wheaton
College. A while later I heard Gerry was doing youth work on the south side of
Chicago. I remember thinking that while my career was progressing, Gerry’s was
going backward. How wrong I was. As articles in the Quarterly Journal of Speech
soon made evident, Gerry Philipsen was doing ethnography.
1
While at Northwestern, Philipsen read an article by University of Virginia
anthropologist and linguist Dell Hymes, “The Ethnography of Speaking.” Hymes
called for a “close to the ground” study of the great variety of communication
practices around the world.
2 Philipsen decided to start in the Chicago commu-
nity where he worked, a place he dubbed “Teamsterville,” since driving a truck
was the typical job for men in the community. For three years Philipsen talked
to kids on street corners, women on front porches, men in corner bars, and
everyone at the settlement house where he worked so that he would be able to
describe the speech code of Teamsterville residents. By speech code, Philipsen
means “a historically enacted, socially constructed system of terms, meanings,
premises, and rules pertaining to communicative conduct.”
3
Even though the people of Teamsterville spoke English, Philipsen noted that
their whole pattern of speaking was radically different from the speech code he
knew and heard practiced within his own family of origin, by his friends at
school, and across many talk shows on radio and TV. The stark contrast moti-
vated him to conduct a second, multiyear ethnographic study, which began while
he was teaching communication at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and
continued when he moved on to the University of Washington. Although most
of his “cultural informants” were from Santa Barbara or Seattle, the speech code
community from which they were drawn was not confi ned to the West Coast of
the United States. He labeled them the “Nacirema” ( American spelled backward),
because their way of using language was intelligible to, and practiced by, a
majority of Americans. Typical Nacirema speech is a “generalized U.S. conversa-
tion that is carried out at the public level (on televised talk shows) and at the

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Pidato kode teori

setelah tiga tahun pada staf organisasi kepemudaan, saya mengundurkan diri untuk mengejar penuh-
waktu karya sarjananya dalam komunikasi di Northwestern University. Gerry Phil-
ilmu sosial adalah salah satu teman sekelas saya. Ketika saya fi nished saja Ph.D. saya bekerja,
pasar tenaga kerja sangat ketat; Saya merasa beruntung untuk menerima tawaran untuk mengajar di Wheaton
College. Beberapa waktu kemudian aku mendengar Gerry melakukan pekerjaan pemuda di sisi selatan
Chicago. Aku ingat berpikir bahwa sementara karir saya begitu maju, Gerry's
akan mundur. Betapa salahnya saya adalah. Sebagai artikel dalam jurnal triwulanan pidato
segera dibuat jelas, Gerry Philipsen melakukan etnografi.
1
sementara di Northwestern, Philipsen membaca sebuah artikel oleh Universitas Virginia
antropolog dan ahli bahasa Dell Hymes, "Etnografi berbicara." Hymes
menyerukan "dekat dengan tanah" studi berbagai macam komunikasi
praktek-praktek di dunia.
2 Philipsen memutuskan untuk memulai di Chicago Ko-
meliputi kebersihan dimana ia bekerja, tempat ia dijuluki "Teamsterville," sejak mengemudi truk
adalah pekerjaan yang khas bagi manusia dalam masyarakat. Selama tiga tahun Philipsen berbicara
untuk anak-anak di sudut-sudut jalan, wanita di beranda depan, laki-laki di sudut Bar, dan
semua orang di rumah penyelesaian mana ia bekerja sehingga ia akan mampu
menggambarkan kode pidato Teamsterville penduduk. Oleh pidato kode, Philipsen
berarti "historis diundangkan, konstruksi sosial sistem syarat, makna,
lokal, dan aturan yang berkaitan dengan perilaku komunikatif."
3
Meskipun orang Teamsterville berbicara bahasa Inggris, Philipsen mencatat bahwa
mereka seluruh pola bicara ini secara radikal berbeda dari kode pidato ia
tahu dan mendengar dipraktekkan dalam keluarganya sendiri asal, oleh teman-temannya di
sekolah, dan menemukan banyak talk show di radio dan TV. Moti kontras-
vated dia untuk melakukan kedua, multiyears etnografi belajar, yang mulai sementara
Ia mengajar komunikasi di Universitas California, Santa Barbara, dan
berlanjut ketika ia pindah ke Universitas Washington. Meskipun paling
nya "budaya informan" berasal dari Santa Barbara atau Seattle, kode pidato
masyarakat dari mana mereka diambil bukanlah XQWXN ned untuk pantai barat
Amerika Serikat. Dia diberi label mereka "Nacirema" (Amerika dibilang agak terbelakang),
karena cara mereka menggunakan bahasa yang dapat dimengerti, dan dipraktekkan oleh,
mayoritas orang Amerika. Khas Nacirema pidato "generalized US conversa-
tion yang dilakukan di tingkat masyarakat (di televisi talk show) dan di