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addressed varies according to the counselling model used, with some
embracing it as an essential part of the therapeutic process.
Psychodynamic counselling, for example, takes issue with arguments
for more equal communication on the grounds that it discourages
regression:
With many patients the experience of dependency is absolutely crucial for
any healing to take place . . . Far from being an exercise in power, it often
makes the therapist who can meet their patient on a feeling level feel powerless
themselves. (Bravesmith, 2001, p. 509)
However, most models of counselling aim to discourage dependency,
particularly the brief therapies (see, for example, Barrett-Kruse, 1994,
pp.109–15; Dryden, 1998, pp. 143–4), but few address power imbalances
at the assessment stage.This is largely because informed consent
is difficult for the client to exercise until they have experienced a taste
of counselling, although solution-focused approaches emphasise
giving clients honest, uninhibited feedback and designates them as
experts in their own lives (see, for example, O’Connell, 2001, p. 5).
Josselson (1996) suggests that a useful way of addressing the ethical
issues arising from power imbalances in the creation of a therapeutic
relationship is to embark on it in the same way as one would in qualitative
research which, similarly, has the potential to intrude on
people’s intimate lives. The links between the ethical imperatives of
both qualitative research and counselling are addressed further in
Chapter 3 where we outline a possible framework for assessment,
but here we make the point that the main ethical consideration is to
make values explicit. Counsellors actively look for psychologicalmindedness
– checking for similarities in values – but when counsellors
put their ‘selves’ on the back burner in order to give space to the
client there is a danger that they will forget to explore important
differences between themselves and clients which may affect understanding.
Differences and similarities involve complex power relationships,
the source of the various ‘isms’.
The ‘isms’
It is clear that some ‘isms’ are more powerful than others at various
times.Although counsellors will be aware of the oppressions affecting
them personally,we would suspect that in relation to other ‘isms’ they
are most likely to have undertaken race-awareness training – most of
26 Assessment in Counselling
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