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At first, biographical writings wer

At first, biographical writings were regarded merely as a subsection of history with a focus on a particular individual of historical importance. The independent genre of biography as distinct from general history writing, began to emerge in the 18th century and reached its contemporary form at the turn of the 20th century.[1]
Historical biography
Einhard as scribe

One of the earliest biographers was Plutarch, and his Parallel Lives, published about 80 A.D., covers prominent figures in the classical world. In 44 B.C. Cornelius Nepos published a biographical work, his Vitae Imperatorum (“Lives of Commanders”).[2]

In the early Middle Ages (AD 400 to 1450) there was a decline in awareness of the classical culture in Europe. During this time, the only repositories of knowledge and records of the early history in Europe were those of the Roman Catholic Church. Hermits, monks, and priests used this historic period to write biographies. Their subjects were usually restricted to the church fathers, martyrs, popes, and saints. Their works were meant to be inspirational to the people and vehicles for conversion to Christianity (see Hagiography). One significant secular example of a biography from this period is the life of Charlemagne by his courtier Einhard.

In Medieval Islamic Civilization (c. AD 750 to 1258), similar traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad and other important figures in the early history of Islam began to be written, beginning the Prophetic biography tradition. Early biographical dictionaries were published as compendia of famous Islamic personalities from the 9th century onwards. They contained more social data for a large segment of the population than other works of that period. The earliest biographical dictionaries initially focused on the lives of the prophets of Islam and their companions, with one of these early examples being The Book of The Major Classes by Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi. And then began the documentation of the lives of many other historical figures (from rulers to scholars) who lived in the medieval Islamic world.[3]
John Foxe's The Book of Martyrs, was one of the earliest English-language biographies.

By the late Middle Ages, biographies became less church-oriented in Europe as biographies of kings, knights, and tyrants began to appear. The most famous of such biographies was Le Morte d'Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory. The book was an account of the life of the fabled King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. Following Malory, the new emphasis on humanism during the Renaissance promoted a focus on secular subjects, such as artists and poets, and encouraged writing in the vernacular.

Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists (1550) was the landmark biography focusing on secular lives. Vasari made celebrities of his subjects, as the Lives became an early "bestseller". Two other developments are noteworthy: the development of the printing press in the 15th century and the gradual increase in literacy.

Biographies in the English language began appearing during the reign of Henry VIII. John Foxe's Actes and Monuments (1563), better known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs, was essentially the first dictionary of the biography in Europe, followed by Thomas Fuller's The History of the Worthies of England (1662), with a distinct focus on public life.

Influential in shaping popular conceptions of pirates, A General History of the Pyrates (1724), by Charles Johnson, is the prime source for the biographies of many well-known pirates.[4]

The American biography followed the English model, incorporating Thomas Carlyle's view that biography was a part of history. Carlyle asserted that the lives of great human beings were essential to understanding society and its institutions. While the historical impulse would remain a strong element in early American biography, American writers carved out a distinct approach. What emerged was a rather didactic form of biography, which sought to shape the individual character of a reader in the process of defining national character.[5][6]
Emergence of the genre
James Boswell wrote what many consider to be the first modern biography, The Life of Samuel Johnson, in 1791.

The first modern biography, and a work which exerted considerable influence on the evolution of the genre, was James Boswell's The Life of Samuel Johnson, a biography of lexicographer and man-of-letters Samuel Johnson published in 1791.[7] While Boswell's personal acquaintance with his subject only began in 1763, when Johnson was 54 years old, Boswell covered the entirety of Johnson's life by means of additional research. Itself an important stage in the development of the modern genre of biography, it has been claimed to be the greatest biography written in the English language. Boswell's work was unique in its level of research, which involved archival study, eye-witness accounts and interviews, its robust and attractive narrative, and its honest depiction of all aspects of Johnson's life and character - a formula which serves as the basis of biographical literature to this day.[8]

Biographical writing generally stagnated during the 19th century - in many cases there was a reversal to the more familiar hagiographical method of eulogizing the dead, similar to the biographies of saints produced in Medieval times. A distinction between mass biography and literary biography began to form by the middle of the century, reflecting a breach between high culture and middle-class culture. However, the number of biographies in print experienced a rapid growth, thanks to an expanding reading public. This revolution in publishing made books available to a larger audience of readers. In addition, affordable paperback editions of popular biographies were published for the first time. Periodicals began publishing a sequence of biographical sketches.[5]

Autobiographies became more popular, as with the rise of education and cheap printing, modern concepts of fame and celebrity began to develop. Autobiographies were written by authors, such as Charles Dickens (who incorporated autobiographical elements in his novels) and Anthony Trollope, (his Autobiography appeared posthumously, quickly becoming a bestseller in London[9]), philosophers, such as John Stuart Mill, churchmen - Cardinal Newman - and entertainers - P. T. Barnum.
Modern biography

The sciences of psychology and sociology were ascendant at the turn of the 20th century and would heavily influence the new century’s biographies.[6] The demise of the "great man" theory of history was indicative of the emerging mindset. Human behavior would be explained through Darwinian theories. "Sociological" biographies conceived of their subjects' actions as the result of the environment, and tended to downplay individuality. The development of psychoanalysis led to a more penetrating and comprehensive understanding of the biographical subject, and induced biographers to give more emphasis to childhood and adolescence. Clearly these psychological ideas were changing the way biographies were written, as a culture of autobiography developed, in which the telling of one's own story became a form of therapy.[5] The conventional concept of heroes and narratives of success disappeared in the obsession with psychological explorations of personality.
Eminent Victorians set the standard for 20th century biographical writing, when it was published in 1918.

British critic Lytton Strachey revolutionized the art of biographical writing with his 1918 work Eminent Victorians, consisting of biographies of four leading figures from the Victorian era, Cardinal Manning, Florence Nightingale, Thomas Arnold and General Gordon.[10] Strachey set out to breathe life into the Victorian era for future generations to read. Up until this point, as Strachey remarked in the preface, Victorian biographies had been "as familiar as the cortège of the undertaker", and wore the same air of "slow, funereal barbarism." Strachey defied the tradition of "two fat volumes....of undigested masses of material" and took aim at the four iconic figures. His narrative demolished the myths that had built up around these cherished national heroes, whom he regarded as no better than a "set of mouth bungled hypocrites". The book achieved worldwide fame due to its irreverent and witty style, its concise and factually accurate nature, and its artistic prose.[11]

In the 1920s and '30s, biographical writers sought to capitalize on Strachey's popularity by imitating his style. This new school featured iconoclasts, scientific analysts, and fictional biographers and included Gamaliel Bradford, André Maurois, and Emil Ludwig, among others. Robert Graves (I, Claudius, 1934) stood out among those following Strachey's model of "debunking biographies." The trend in literary biography was accompanied in popular biography by a sort of "celebrity voyeurism", in the early decades of the century. This latter form's appeal to readers was based on curiosity more than morality or patriotism. By World War I, cheap hard-cover reprints had become popular. The decades of the 1920s witnessed a biographical "boom."

The feminist scholar Carolyn Heilbrun observed that women's biographies and autobiographies began to change character during the second wave of feminist activism. She cited Nancy Milford's 1970 biography Zelda, as the "beginning of a new period of women's biography, because "[only] in 1970 were we ready to read not that Zelda had destroyed Fitzgerald, but Fitzgerald her: he had usurped her narrative." Heilbrun named 1973 as the turning point in women's autobiography, with the publication of May Sarton's Journal of a Solitude, for that was the first instance where a woman told her life story, not as finding "beauty even in pain" and transforming "rage into spiritual acceptance," but acknowledging what had previously been forbidden to women: their pain, their rage, and their "open admission of the desire for power and contro
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At first, biographical writings were regarded merely as a subsection of history with a focus on a particular individual of historical importance. The independent genre of biography as distinct from general history writing, began to emerge in the 18th century and reached its contemporary form at the turn of the 20th century.[1]Historical biographyEinhard as scribeOne of the earliest biographers was Plutarch, and his Parallel Lives, published about 80 A.D., covers prominent figures in the classical world. In 44 B.C. Cornelius Nepos published a biographical work, his Vitae Imperatorum (“Lives of Commanders”).[2]In the early Middle Ages (AD 400 to 1450) there was a decline in awareness of the classical culture in Europe. During this time, the only repositories of knowledge and records of the early history in Europe were those of the Roman Catholic Church. Hermits, monks, and priests used this historic period to write biographies. Their subjects were usually restricted to the church fathers, martyrs, popes, and saints. Their works were meant to be inspirational to the people and vehicles for conversion to Christianity (see Hagiography). One significant secular example of a biography from this period is the life of Charlemagne by his courtier Einhard.In Medieval Islamic Civilization (c. AD 750 to 1258), similar traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad and other important figures in the early history of Islam began to be written, beginning the Prophetic biography tradition. Early biographical dictionaries were published as compendia of famous Islamic personalities from the 9th century onwards. They contained more social data for a large segment of the population than other works of that period. The earliest biographical dictionaries initially focused on the lives of the prophets of Islam and their companions, with one of these early examples being The Book of The Major Classes by Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi. And then began the documentation of the lives of many other historical figures (from rulers to scholars) who lived in the medieval Islamic world.[3]John Foxe's The Book of Martyrs, was one of the earliest English-language biographies.By the late Middle Ages, biographies became less church-oriented in Europe as biographies of kings, knights, and tyrants began to appear. The most famous of such biographies was Le Morte d'Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory. The book was an account of the life of the fabled King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. Following Malory, the new emphasis on humanism during the Renaissance promoted a focus on secular subjects, such as artists and poets, and encouraged writing in the vernacular.Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists (1550) was the landmark biography focusing on secular lives. Vasari made celebrities of his subjects, as the Lives became an early "bestseller". Two other developments are noteworthy: the development of the printing press in the 15th century and the gradual increase in literacy.Biographies in the English language began appearing during the reign of Henry VIII. John Foxe's Actes and Monuments (1563), better known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs, was essentially the first dictionary of the biography in Europe, followed by Thomas Fuller's The History of the Worthies of England (1662), with a distinct focus on public life.Influential in shaping popular conceptions of pirates, A General History of the Pyrates (1724), by Charles Johnson, is the prime source for the biographies of many well-known pirates.[4]The American biography followed the English model, incorporating Thomas Carlyle's view that biography was a part of history. Carlyle asserted that the lives of great human beings were essential to understanding society and its institutions. While the historical impulse would remain a strong element in early American biography, American writers carved out a distinct approach. What emerged was a rather didactic form of biography, which sought to shape the individual character of a reader in the process of defining national character.[5][6]Emergence of the genreJames Boswell wrote what many consider to be the first modern biography, The Life of Samuel Johnson, in 1791.The first modern biography, and a work which exerted considerable influence on the evolution of the genre, was James Boswell's The Life of Samuel Johnson, a biography of lexicographer and man-of-letters Samuel Johnson published in 1791.[7] While Boswell's personal acquaintance with his subject only began in 1763, when Johnson was 54 years old, Boswell covered the entirety of Johnson's life by means of additional research. Itself an important stage in the development of the modern genre of biography, it has been claimed to be the greatest biography written in the English language. Boswell's work was unique in its level of research, which involved archival study, eye-witness accounts and interviews, its robust and attractive narrative, and its honest depiction of all aspects of Johnson's life and character - a formula which serves as the basis of biographical literature to this day.[8]Biographical writing generally stagnated during the 19th century - in many cases there was a reversal to the more familiar hagiographical method of eulogizing the dead, similar to the biographies of saints produced in Medieval times. A distinction between mass biography and literary biography began to form by the middle of the century, reflecting a breach between high culture and middle-class culture. However, the number of biographies in print experienced a rapid growth, thanks to an expanding reading public. This revolution in publishing made books available to a larger audience of readers. In addition, affordable paperback editions of popular biographies were published for the first time. Periodicals began publishing a sequence of biographical sketches.[5]Autobiographies became more popular, as with the rise of education and cheap printing, modern concepts of fame and celebrity began to develop. Autobiographies were written by authors, such as Charles Dickens (who incorporated autobiographical elements in his novels) and Anthony Trollope, (his Autobiography appeared posthumously, quickly becoming a bestseller in London[9]), philosophers, such as John Stuart Mill, churchmen - Cardinal Newman - and entertainers - P. T. Barnum.Modern biographyThe sciences of psychology and sociology were ascendant at the turn of the 20th century and would heavily influence the new century’s biographies.[6] The demise of the "great man" theory of history was indicative of the emerging mindset. Human behavior would be explained through Darwinian theories. "Sociological" biographies conceived of their subjects' actions as the result of the environment, and tended to downplay individuality. The development of psychoanalysis led to a more penetrating and comprehensive understanding of the biographical subject, and induced biographers to give more emphasis to childhood and adolescence. Clearly these psychological ideas were changing the way biographies were written, as a culture of autobiography developed, in which the telling of one's own story became a form of therapy.[5] The conventional concept of heroes and narratives of success disappeared in the obsession with psychological explorations of personality.Eminent Victorians set the standard for 20th century biographical writing, when it was published in 1918.British critic Lytton Strachey revolutionized the art of biographical writing with his 1918 work Eminent Victorians, consisting of biographies of four leading figures from the Victorian era, Cardinal Manning, Florence Nightingale, Thomas Arnold and General Gordon.[10] Strachey set out to breathe life into the Victorian era for future generations to read. Up until this point, as Strachey remarked in the preface, Victorian biographies had been "as familiar as the cortège of the undertaker", and wore the same air of "slow, funereal barbarism." Strachey defied the tradition of "two fat volumes....of undigested masses of material" and took aim at the four iconic figures. His narrative demolished the myths that had built up around these cherished national heroes, whom he regarded as no better than a "set of mouth bungled hypocrites". The book achieved worldwide fame due to its irreverent and witty style, its concise and factually accurate nature, and its artistic prose.[11]In the 1920s and '30s, biographical writers sought to capitalize on Strachey's popularity by imitating his style. This new school featured iconoclasts, scientific analysts, and fictional biographers and included Gamaliel Bradford, André Maurois, and Emil Ludwig, among others. Robert Graves (I, Claudius, 1934) stood out among those following Strachey's model of "debunking biographies." The trend in literary biography was accompanied in popular biography by a sort of "celebrity voyeurism", in the early decades of the century. This latter form's appeal to readers was based on curiosity more than morality or patriotism. By World War I, cheap hard-cover reprints had become popular. The decades of the 1920s witnessed a biographical "boom."The feminist scholar Carolyn Heilbrun observed that women's biographies and autobiographies began to change character during the second wave of feminist activism. She cited Nancy Milford's 1970 biography Zelda, as the "beginning of a new period of women's biography, because "[only] in 1970 were we ready to read not that Zelda had destroyed Fitzgerald, but Fitzgerald her: he had usurped her narrative." Heilbrun named 1973 as the turning point in women's autobiography, with the publication of May Sarton's Journal of a Solitude, for that was the first instance where a woman told her life story, not as finding "beauty even in pain" and transforming "rage into spiritual acceptance," but acknowledging what had previously been forbidden to women: their pain, their rage, and their "open admission of the desire for power and contro
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Pada awalnya, tulisan biografi dianggap hanya sebagai ayat sejarah dengan fokus pada individu tertentu penting sejarah. Genre independen biografi yang berbeda dari menulis sejarah umum, mulai muncul pada abad ke-18 dan mencapai bentuk kontemporer pada pergantian abad ke-20. [1]
Biografi Sejarah
Einhard sebagai juru tulis Salah satu penulis biografi awal adalah Plutarch, dan nya Kehidupan paralel, yang diterbitkan sekitar 80 AD, meliputi tokoh di dunia klasik. Dalam 44 SM Cornelius Nepos menerbitkan karya biografi, ia Vitae Imperatorum ("Lives of Komandan") [2]. Pada awal Abad Pertengahan (AD 400-1450) ada penurunan kesadaran budaya klasik di Eropa. Selama ini, satu-satunya repositori pengetahuan dan catatan sejarah awal di Eropa adalah mereka dari Gereja Katolik Roma. Pertapa, biarawan, dan imam digunakan periode bersejarah ini untuk menulis biografi. Subyek mereka biasanya terbatas pada bapa gereja, martir, paus, dan orang-orang kudus. Karya-karya mereka itu dimaksudkan untuk menjadi inspirasi untuk orang-orang dan kendaraan untuk konversi ke Kristen (lihat hagiografi). Salah satu contoh sekuler yang signifikan dari biografi dari periode ini adalah kehidupan Charlemagne oleh punggawa nya Einhard. Di Abad Pertengahan Peradaban Islam (c. AD 750-1258), biografi Muslim tradisional serupa Muhammad dan tokoh-tokoh penting lainnya dalam sejarah awal Islam mulai yang akan ditulis, mulai tradisi biografi Nabi. Kamus biografi awal diterbitkan sebagai kompendium kepribadian Islam terkenal dari abad ke-9 dan seterusnya. Mereka berisi data yang lebih sosial untuk segmen besar dari populasi dari karya-karya lain dari periode itu. Kamus biografi awal awalnya difokuskan pada kehidupan para nabi Islam dan sahabat mereka, dengan satu dari contoh-contoh awal menjadi Kitab Classes Mayor oleh Ibn Sa'ad al-Baghdadi. Dan kemudian mulai dokumentasi kehidupan banyak tokoh-tokoh sejarah lainnya (dari penguasa ulama) yang hidup di dunia Islam abad pertengahan. [3] John Foxe The Book of Martyrs, adalah salah satu yang paling awal biografi bahasa Inggris. Pada akhir Abad Pertengahan, biografi menjadi kurang gereja berorientasi di Eropa sebagai biografi raja, ksatria, dan tiran mulai muncul. Yang paling terkenal dari biografi tersebut adalah Le Morte d'Arthur oleh Sir Thomas Malory. Buku ini adalah kisah kehidupan dongeng Raja Arthur dan Knights tentang Meja Bundar. Setelah Malory, penekanan baru pada humanisme selama Renaissance dipromosikan fokus pada mata pelajaran sekuler, seperti seniman dan penyair, dan mendorong menulis dalam bahasa sehari-hari. Kehidupan Giorgio Vasari tentang Seniman (1550) adalah biografi tengara berfokus pada kehidupan sekuler. Vasari membuat selebriti dari rakyatnya, sebagai Lives menjadi awal "laris". Dua perkembangan lain yang patut diperhatikan: pengembangan mesin cetak di abad ke-15 dan peningkatan bertahap dalam keaksaraan. Biografi dalam bahasa Inggris mulai muncul pada masa pemerintahan Henry VIII. John Foxe ini Actes dan Monumen (1563), lebih dikenal sebagai Book Foxe tentang Martyrs, pada dasarnya kamus pertama biografi di Eropa, diikuti oleh Thomas Fuller Sejarah Worthies Inggris (1662), dengan fokus yang berbeda pada kehidupan publik . Berpengaruh dalam membentuk konsepsi populer bajak laut, A History Jenderal Pyrates (1724), oleh Charles Johnson, adalah sumber utama untuk biografi banyak bajak laut terkenal. [4] Biografi Amerika mengikuti model Inggris, menggabungkan Thomas pandangan Carlyle biografi itu adalah bagian dari sejarah. Carlyle menegaskan bahwa kehidupan manusia yang besar sangat penting untuk memahami masyarakat dan lembaga-lembaganya. Sementara dorongan sejarah akan tetap menjadi elemen yang kuat dalam biografi Amerika awal, penulis Amerika mengukir pendekatan yang berbeda. Yang muncul adalah bentuk yang agak didaktik biografi, yang berusaha untuk membentuk karakter individu pembaca dalam proses mendefinisikan karakter nasional. [5] [6] Munculnya genre James Boswell menulis apa yang banyak anggap sebagai biografi modern pertama , The Life of Samuel Johnson, pada 1791. Biografi modern pertama, dan sebuah karya yang memberikan pengaruh besar pada evolusi genre, adalah James Boswell The Life of Samuel Johnson, biografi ahli kamus dan manusia-dari-huruf Samuel Johnson diterbitkan pada 1791. [7] Sementara kenalan pribadi Boswell dengan subjeknya hanya dimulai pada 1763, ketika Johnson berusia 54 tahun, Boswell menutupi keseluruhan kehidupan Johnson dengan cara penelitian tambahan. Sendiri merupakan tahap penting dalam perkembangan genre modern biografi, telah diklaim sebagai biografi terbesar ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris. Karya Boswell adalah unik dalam tingkat penelitian, yang melibatkan studi arsip, rekening saksi mata dan wawancara, narasi yang kuat dan menarik, dan penggambaran jujur ​​atas semua aspek kehidupan Johnson dan karakter - formula yang berfungsi sebagai dasar biografi literatur sampai hari ini [8]. menulis biografi umumnya mengalami stagnasi selama abad ke-19 - dalam banyak kasus ada pembalikan dengan metode hagiographical lebih akrab dari memuliakan orang mati, mirip dengan biografi orang-orang kudus yang diproduksi di abad pertengahan. Perbedaan antara biografi massa dan biografi sastra mulai terbentuk pada pertengahan abad ini, yang mencerminkan pelanggaran antara budaya tinggi dan budaya kelas menengah. Namun, jumlah biografi di cetak mengalami pertumbuhan yang cepat, berkat masyarakat membaca berkembang. Revolusi ini dalam penerbitan membuat buku yang tersedia untuk khalayak yang lebih besar dari pembaca. Selain itu, edisi paperback terjangkau biografi populer diterbitkan untuk pertama kalinya. Majalah mulai menerbitkan urutan sketsa biografi. [5] Otobiografi menjadi lebih populer, seperti dengan munculnya pendidikan dan cetak murah, konsep modern ketenaran dan selebriti mulai berkembang. Otobiografi yang ditulis oleh penulis, seperti Charles Dickens (yang dimasukkan unsur otobiografi dalam novel-novelnya) dan Anthony Trollope, (Autobiography-nya muncul secara anumerta, cepat menjadi buku terlaris di London [9]), filsuf, seperti John Stuart Mill, gereja - Kardinal Newman - dan penghibur -. PT Barnum biografi modern Ilmu-ilmu psikologi dan sosiologi yang berpengaruh pada pergantian abad ke-20 dan akan sangat mempengaruhi biografi abad baru [6] Kematian dari "orang besar" teori sejarah itu. indikasi dari pola pikir yang muncul. Perilaku manusia akan dijelaskan melalui teori Darwin. "Sosiologis" biografi dikandung tindakan subyek mereka sebagai hasil dari lingkungan, dan cenderung mengecilkan individualitas. Perkembangan psikoanalisis menyebabkan lebih tajam dan pemahaman yang komprehensif tentang subjek biografi, dan penulis biografi diinduksi untuk memberikan penekanan lebih untuk anak-anak dan remaja. Jelas ide-ide psikologis mengubah cara biografi ditulis, sebagai budaya otobiografi dikembangkan, di mana bercerita sendiri menjadi bentuk terapi. [5] Konsep konvensional pahlawan dan narasi keberhasilan menghilang di obsesi dengan eksplorasi psikologis kepribadian. Victoria Eminent menetapkan standar untuk abad ke-20 menulis biografi, ketika diterbitkan pada tahun 1918. kritikus Inggris Lytton Strachey merevolusi seni menulis biografi dengan nya 1918 pekerjaan Eminent Victoria, yang terdiri dari biografi empat tokoh dari Victoria era, Kardinal Manning, Florence Nightingale, Thomas Arnold dan General Gordon [10] Strachey. berangkat untuk bernapas kehidupan ke era Victoria untuk generasi mendatang untuk membaca. Sampai titik ini, sebagai Strachey mengatakan dalam pengantar, biografi Victoria telah "familiar sebagai iring-iringan dari pengurus", dan mengenakan udara yang sama "lambat, barbarisme funereal." Strachey menantang tradisi "dua volume lemak .... massa tercerna bahan" dan membidik empat angka ikonik. Ceritanya menghancurkan mitos yang telah dibangun di sekitar pahlawan nasional dihargai, yang ia dianggap sebagai tidak lebih baik dari "mengatur mulut orang-orang munafik ceroboh". Buku ini mencapai ketenaran di seluruh dunia karena gaya sopan dan cerdas, sifat ringkas dan faktual akurat, dan prosa artistik. [11] Pada tahun 1920-an dan 30-an, penulis biografi berusaha untuk memanfaatkan popularitas Strachey dengan meniru gayanya. Sekolah baru ini menampilkan iconoclasts, analis ilmiah, dan penulis biografi fiksi dan termasuk Gamaliel Bradford, André Maurois, dan Emil Ludwig, antara lain. Robert Graves (I, Claudius, 1934) berdiri di antara mereka yang mengikuti model Strachey dari "membongkar biografi." Kecenderungan dalam biografi sastra didampingi dalam biografi populer oleh semacam "selebriti voyeurisme", pada awal dekade abad ini. Banding bentuk terakhir ini untuk pembaca didasarkan pada rasa ingin tahu lebih dari moralitas atau patriotisme. Dengan Perang Dunia I, cetak ulang hard-cover murah telah menjadi populer. Dekade 1920-an menyaksikan biografi "booming." The feminis sarjana Carolyn Heilbrun mengamati bahwa biografi dan otobiografi perempuan mulai mengubah karakter selama gelombang kedua aktivisme feminis. Dia mengutip Nancy Milford 1970 biografi Zelda, sebagai "awal dari sebuah periode baru dari biografi perempuan, karena" [hanya] pada tahun 1970 yang kita siap untuk membaca tidak Zelda telah menghancurkan Fitzgerald, tapi Fitzgerald nya: ia merebut narasi nya ". Heilbrun bernama 1973 sebagai titik balik dalam otobiografinya perempuan, dengan publikasi Mei Sarton Jurnal dari Solitude, untuk itu adalah contoh pertama di mana seorang wanita menceritakan kisah hidupnya, tidak menemukan "keindahan bahkan sakit" dan mengubah "kemarahan menjadi penerimaan spiritual, "tapi mengakui apa yang sebelumnya telah dilarang untuk wanita: rasa sakit mereka, kemarahan mereka, dan mereka" masuk terbuka keinginan untuk kekuasaan dan contro


































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