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The Japanese model of long-term col

The Japanese model of long-term collaborative partnerships between firms and their suppliers has attracted much attention from business researchers and practitioners. Several U.S. and European auto-makers have attempted to establish similar partnerships of their own, seeking to reduce their supplier base and cultivate relationships with their best suppliers.1 As a result, the early involvement of suppliers in product-development and cost-reduction efforts is becoming standard practice in the automotive industry and beyond.2
A recent crisis involving Toyota and its supplier network suggests, however, that the Japanese model — or at least the Toyota model — involves more than a set of long-term relationships between a firm and a few select suppliers. As the Toyota group’s collaborative response to the sudden destruction of a key supplier’s plant suggests, the relationships among a firm’s suppliers are equally important. More generally, a complex mix of institutions permits self-organization during times of crisis with little need for a leader’s direct control.3 These strong relationships among many firms along with the steady but largely invisible control of a leader promote flexible and coordinated responses to crises. In addition, they foster long-term competitiveness through decentral- ized, groupwide efforts to solve day-to-day problems and improve performance.

On February 1, 1997, a fire at one of Aisin Seiki’s plants threatened to halt Toyota-group operations for weeks. Aisin Seiki, one of Toyota’s most trusted suppliers, was the sole source for proportioning valves (or P-valves, in the industry parlance), a small but crucial brake-related part used in all Toyota vehicles.4 Because of Toyota’s and Aisin’s dedication to the principles of just-in-time (JIT) production, only two or three days’ worth of stock was on hand. A shutdown of Toyota-group plants (including those of several hundred suppliers) seemed unavoidable.

The timing could not have been worse. Toyota plants were operating at full capacity with levels of overtime and use of temporary workers unheard of in years, in anticipation of a last-minute boom in automobile sales prior to the 2 percent consumption sales tax increase slated for April 1. Every day lost meant potentially huge and irretrievable losses in sales and profits for Toyota and related firms.5

Yet, remarkably, disaster was averted, and assembly plants were reopened after only two days of shutdown. The recovery was accomplished through an immediate and largely self-organized effort by firms, mostly from within but also from outside the Toyota group, to set up alternative production sites outside of Aisin.6 Within days, firms with little experience with P-valves were manufacturing and delivering the parts to Aisin, where they were assembled and inspected before being sent to Toyota’s and other clients’ assembly plants. The collaborative effort, which which involved more than 200 firms (of which approximately sixty-two took direct responsibility for P-valve production), was orchestrated with very limited direct control from Toyota and with no haggling over technical proprietary rights or financial compensation.

The Toyota group demonstrated its cohesion and resiliency at a time when many observers were discussing the weakening of traditional ties among group members. Based on data collected through in-depth interviews with key players in the incident, we describe what took place during the Aisin Seiki crisis and how individual firms came together to orchestrate the recovery effort.7 We believe that the episode holds lessons for businesses adopting the Japanese model of long-term supplier partnerships as well as for businesses moving away from that model. Of course, competition for future contracts and the pressure to maintain their reputations motivated the suppliers to cooperate with each other. Nevertheless, we argue, it was the various capabilities developed through institutionalized problem-solving activities within the Toyota group that ensured the effectiveness and rapidity of the suppliers’ collaborative effort. For businesses of many kinds, the capabilities developed through committed partnerships can enhance competitiveness, driving participants to respond effectively to emergencies and to pursue continuous improvement on a daily basis.8
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The Japanese model of long-term collaborative partnerships between firms and their suppliers has attracted much attention from business researchers and practitioners. Several U.S. and European auto-makers have attempted to establish similar partnerships of their own, seeking to reduce their supplier base and cultivate relationships with their best suppliers.1 As a result, the early involvement of suppliers in product-development and cost-reduction efforts is becoming standard practice in the automotive industry and beyond.2A recent crisis involving Toyota and its supplier network suggests, however, that the Japanese model — or at least the Toyota model — involves more than a set of long-term relationships between a firm and a few select suppliers. As the Toyota group’s collaborative response to the sudden destruction of a key supplier’s plant suggests, the relationships among a firm’s suppliers are equally important. More generally, a complex mix of institutions permits self-organization during times of crisis with little need for a leader’s direct control.3 These strong relationships among many firms along with the steady but largely invisible control of a leader promote flexible and coordinated responses to crises. In addition, they foster long-term competitiveness through decentral- ized, groupwide efforts to solve day-to-day problems and improve performance.On February 1, 1997, a fire at one of Aisin Seiki’s plants threatened to halt Toyota-group operations for weeks. Aisin Seiki, one of Toyota’s most trusted suppliers, was the sole source for proportioning valves (or P-valves, in the industry parlance), a small but crucial brake-related part used in all Toyota vehicles.4 Because of Toyota’s and Aisin’s dedication to the principles of just-in-time (JIT) production, only two or three days’ worth of stock was on hand. A shutdown of Toyota-group plants (including those of several hundred suppliers) seemed unavoidable.
The timing could not have been worse. Toyota plants were operating at full capacity with levels of overtime and use of temporary workers unheard of in years, in anticipation of a last-minute boom in automobile sales prior to the 2 percent consumption sales tax increase slated for April 1. Every day lost meant potentially huge and irretrievable losses in sales and profits for Toyota and related firms.5

Yet, remarkably, disaster was averted, and assembly plants were reopened after only two days of shutdown. The recovery was accomplished through an immediate and largely self-organized effort by firms, mostly from within but also from outside the Toyota group, to set up alternative production sites outside of Aisin.6 Within days, firms with little experience with P-valves were manufacturing and delivering the parts to Aisin, where they were assembled and inspected before being sent to Toyota’s and other clients’ assembly plants. The collaborative effort, which which involved more than 200 firms (of which approximately sixty-two took direct responsibility for P-valve production), was orchestrated with very limited direct control from Toyota and with no haggling over technical proprietary rights or financial compensation.

The Toyota group demonstrated its cohesion and resiliency at a time when many observers were discussing the weakening of traditional ties among group members. Based on data collected through in-depth interviews with key players in the incident, we describe what took place during the Aisin Seiki crisis and how individual firms came together to orchestrate the recovery effort.7 We believe that the episode holds lessons for businesses adopting the Japanese model of long-term supplier partnerships as well as for businesses moving away from that model. Of course, competition for future contracts and the pressure to maintain their reputations motivated the suppliers to cooperate with each other. Nevertheless, we argue, it was the various capabilities developed through institutionalized problem-solving activities within the Toyota group that ensured the effectiveness and rapidity of the suppliers’ collaborative effort. For businesses of many kinds, the capabilities developed through committed partnerships can enhance competitiveness, driving participants to respond effectively to emergencies and to pursue continuous improvement on a daily basis.8
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Model Jepang kemitraan kolaboratif jangka panjang antara perusahaan dan pemasok mereka telah menarik banyak perhatian dari para peneliti dan praktisi bisnis. Beberapa AS dan Eropa auto-pembuat telah berusaha untuk membangun kemitraan yang sama mereka sendiri, berusaha untuk mengurangi basis pemasok mereka dan memupuk hubungan dengan suppliers.1 terbaik mereka Akibatnya, keterlibatan awal pemasok dalam upaya pengurangan biaya pengembangan produk dan menjadi praktek standar dalam industri otomotif dan beyond.2
Krisis baru-baru ini yang melibatkan Toyota dan jaringan pemasok menyarankan, bagaimanapun, bahwa model Jepang - atau setidaknya model Toyota - melibatkan lebih dari satu set hubungan jangka panjang antara perusahaan yang dan beberapa memilih pemasok. Sebagai respon kolaboratif Toyota kelompok untuk kehancuran tiba-tiba tanaman pemasok utama menunjukkan, hubungan antara pemasok dengan perusahaan sama-sama penting. Lebih umum, campuran kompleks lembaga memungkinkan organisasi diri selama masa krisis dengan sedikit kebutuhan untuk control.3 langsung seorang pemimpin ini hubungan yang kuat antara banyak perusahaan bersama dengan kontrol stabil tapi sebagian besar tak terlihat seorang pemimpin mempromosikan tanggapan fleksibel dan terkoordinasi untuk krisis . Selain itu, mereka mendorong daya saing jangka panjang melalui decentral- terwujud, upaya groupwide untuk memecahkan masalah sehari-hari dan meningkatkan kinerja. Pada tanggal 1 Februari 1997, kebakaran di salah satu pabrik Aisin Seiki mengancam akan menghentikan operasi Toyota-kelompok untuk minggu. Aisin Seiki, salah satu pemasok terbesar Toyota, adalah satu-satunya sumber untuk proporsi katup (atau P-katup, dalam istilah industri), bagian-rem terkait kecil tapi penting yang digunakan dalam semua Toyota vehicles.4 Karena Toyota dan dedikasi Aisin dengan prinsip-prinsip just-in-time (JIT) produksi, nilainya hanya dua atau tiga hari 'saham berada di tangan. Sebuah shutdown tanaman Toyota-kelompok (termasuk beberapa ratus pemasok) tampaknya tidak dapat dihindari. Waktunya tidak bisa lebih buruk. Tanaman Toyota beroperasi pada kapasitas penuh dengan tingkat lembur dan penggunaan pekerja sementara pernah terjadi di tahun, untuk mengantisipasi ledakan-menit terakhir dalam penjualan mobil sebelum kenaikan pajak penjualan konsumsi 2 persen dijadwalkan untuk April 1. Setiap hari kehilangan dimaksudkan berpotensi kerugian besar dan bisa diperbaiki dalam penjualan dan keuntungan bagi Toyota dan firms.5 terkait Namun, sangat, bencana dihindari, dan pabrik perakitan yang dibuka kembali setelah hanya dua hari shutdown. Recovery itu dicapai melalui upaya segera dan sebagian besar diri yang diselenggarakan oleh perusahaan, sebagian besar dari dalam tapi juga dari luar kelompok Toyota, untuk mendirikan tempat produksi alternatif di luar Aisin.6 Dalam beberapa hari, perusahaan dengan sedikit pengalaman dengan P-katup yang manufaktur dan memberikan bagian untuk Aisin, di mana mereka berkumpul dan diperiksa sebelum dikirim ke Toyota dan pabrik perakitan klien lain '. Upaya kolaboratif, yang mana melibatkan lebih dari 200 perusahaan (dimana sekitar enam puluh dua mengambil tanggung jawab langsung untuk produksi P-katup), didalangi dengan kontrol langsung sangat terbatas dari Toyota dan tanpa tawar-menawar atas hak milik teknis atau kompensasi keuangan. The Kelompok Toyota menunjukkan kohesi dan ketahanan pada saat banyak pengamat mendiskusikan melemahnya ikatan tradisional antara anggota kelompok. Berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam dengan pemain kunci dalam insiden itu, kami menjelaskan apa yang terjadi selama krisis Aisin Seiki dan bagaimana perusahaan individual datang bersama-sama untuk mengatur yang effort.7 pemulihan Kami percaya bahwa episode memegang pelajaran untuk bisnis mengadopsi Model Jepang kemitraan pemasok jangka panjang serta untuk usaha bergerak menjauh dari model tersebut. Tentu saja, kompetisi untuk kontrak masa depan dan tekanan untuk memelihara reputasi mereka termotivasi pemasok untuk bekerja sama dengan satu sama lain. Namun demikian, kami berpendapat, itu adalah berbagai kemampuan yang dikembangkan melalui dilembagakan kegiatan pemecahan masalah dalam kelompok Toyota yang menjamin efektivitas dan kecepatan upaya kolaboratif pemasok '. Untuk bisnis dari berbagai jenis, kemampuan dikembangkan melalui kemitraan yang dilakukan dapat meningkatkan daya saing, mengemudi peserta untuk merespons secara efektif terhadap keadaan darurat dan untuk mengejar perbaikan terus-menerus pada basis.8 harian







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