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addressed varies according to the counselling model used, with someembracing it as an essential part of the therapeutic process.Psychodynamic counselling, for example, takes issue with argumentsfor more equal communication on the grounds that it discouragesregression:With many patients the experience of dependency is absolutely crucial forany healing to take place . . . Far from being an exercise in power, it oftenmakes the therapist who can meet their patient on a feeling level feel powerlessthemselves. (Bravesmith, 2001, p. 509)However, most models of counselling aim to discourage dependency,particularly the brief therapies (see, for example, Barrett-Kruse, 1994,pp.109–15; Dryden, 1998, pp. 143–4), but few address power imbalancesat the assessment stage.This is largely because informed consentis difficult for the client to exercise until they have experienced a tasteof counselling, although solution-focused approaches emphasisegiving clients honest, uninhibited feedback and designates them asexperts in their own lives (see, for example, O’Connell, 2001, p. 5).Josselson (1996) suggests that a useful way of addressing the ethicalissues arising from power imbalances in the creation of a therapeuticrelationship is to embark on it in the same way as one would in qualitativeresearch which, similarly, has the potential to intrude onpeople’s intimate lives. The links between the ethical imperatives ofboth qualitative research and counselling are addressed further inChapter 3 where we outline a possible framework for assessment,but here we make the point that the main ethical consideration is tomake values explicit. Counsellors actively look for psychologicalmindedness– checking for similarities in values – but when counsellorsput their ‘selves’ on the back burner in order to give space to theclient there is a danger that they will forget to explore importantdifferences between themselves and clients which may affect understanding.Differences and similarities involve complex power relationships,the source of the various ‘isms’.The ‘isms’It is clear that some ‘isms’ are more powerful than others at varioustimes.Although counsellors will be aware of the oppressions affectingthem personally,we would suspect that in relation to other ‘isms’ theyare most likely to have undertaken race-awareness training – most of26 Assessment in Counselling
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