In addition to the weakness of the legal system, many cultures are not terjemahan - In addition to the weakness of the legal system, many cultures are not Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

In addition to the weakness of the

In addition to the weakness of the legal system, many cultures are not given to litigation in the same way that Western culture is. Courts are used as a last resort, which means they are rarely used. Since this is common knowledge, regulations that depend on court action are not complied with. Fines are set at levels that are too low to deter violators given also the low probability of apprehension and conviction. Regulations that are replicas of developed country regulations have little grounding in local realities and culture and are therefore largely unenforceable. In cultures where the institution of private property rights is not sanctioned and contracts are not enforced by courts, (e.g., parts of sub-Saharan Africa), economic instruments that are based on private property rights or market creation are likely to fail. In these cases, the recognition and protection of customary, communal, or tribal rights are preferable to their supplantation by alien institutions of private and state property. Papua New
Guinea provides an example of sensitivity and accommodation to institutional weaknesses and
cultural traditions and realities. Indeed, traditional societies, while having weak legal systems and undeveloped modern institutions, often have time-tested traditional institutions, management systems, and customary use rights that can be strengthened or used as models for the development of new institutions and instruments that fit the local cultures and traditions as well as emerging new realities (e.g., commercialization, new technology, population growth, etc.).
Undeveloped Capital Markets and High Discount Rates
Natural resource conservation and environmental protection are analogous to investment, in the
sense that they involve high current costs in return for a stream of future benefits of higher present value. This creates a cash flow problem, especially for societies with limited cash incomes. This problem can be solved through current borrowing and future repayment, a solution that presupposes well-functioning capital markets. In many developing countries, capital markets are segmented or distorted through interest rate ceilings, credit rationing, and capital subsidies, etc. Credit is generally very costly for small borrowers and often unavailable to those with no secure property rights for collateral. Furthermore, low incomes, often barely above survival levels, economic uncertainty, and political instability result in very high private discount rates applied to future benefits. The implications of capital scarcity and high discount rates for the selection of instruments are that the right instrument does not impose a high initial capital cost. Therefore, mandated technology such as water treatment plants and economic instruments, such as environmental performance bonds or auctioning of pollution permits, are not suitable for countries with undeveloped capital markets and high rates of discount.3 Where initial capital costs are unavoidable, as in the case of water or energy
supply, instruments that aim at full cost pricing must accommodate the capital constraint by amortizing the capital costs into monthly payments integrated with the variable costs (user charges). In the case of natural resources, especially land, assignment of secure property rights is usually an effective mechanism for improving access to capital markets and for lowering the private discount rate for poor farmers. Removal of interest rate ceilings and capital subsidies (investment incentives) for large-scale industries increases the availability and reduces the cost of rural credit, further encouraging long-term investments such as soil conservation and tree planting.
Formative Stages of Development
In developed countries, the selection of instruments for environmental management is often
constrained by the legacy of existing regulations, an entrenched environmental bureaucracy, and
vested interests created by past and present policies and structures. Furthermore, with mature
industries and cities and virtually all infrastructure in place, it is technically difficult and economically costly to introduce radical policy changes or new instruments. Retrofitting industrial plants and urban infrastructure, put in place under a different policy regime, are often very disruptive and costly,necessitating a very slow and gradual process of adjustment with grandfathering of existing industries.
Developing countries, being in the formative stages of their development, have considerably more
flexibility than developed countries to introduce new policies and instruments of environmental
management. First, without a large environmental bureaucracy and the vested interest created by
past regulations, developing countries have an almost clean slate to introduce new instruments that best fit their own circumstances. Second, the limited fixed plant and infrastructure in place, the higher rates of investment and economic growth and the rapid turnover of capital stock imply lower implementation and compliance costs for new instruments as well as greater effectiveness, provided that they are expected to remain in place and escalate over time to fully internalize environmental costs.
0/5000
Dari: -
Ke: -
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
Selain kelemahan sistem hukum, banyak budaya tidak diberikan litigasi dengan cara yang sama bahwa budaya Barat. Lapangan yang digunakan sebagai jalan terakhir, yang berarti mereka jarang digunakan. Karena ini adalah pengetahuan umum, peraturan yang bergantung pada pengadilan yang tidak mematuhi. Denda yang ditetapkan pada tingkat yang terlalu rendah untuk mencegah pelanggar yang diberikan juga probabilitas rendah penangkapan dan keyakinan. Peraturan yang merupakan replika dari negara maju peraturan memiliki sedikit landasan dalam realitas lokal dan budaya dan oleh karena itu sebagian besar tidak dapat dilaksanakan. Dalam budaya dimana lembaga hak milik pribadi tidak disetujui dan kontrak tidak ditegakkan oleh pengadilan, (misalnya, Bagian dari sub-Sahara Afrika), instrumen ekonomi yang didasarkan pada hak milik pribadi atau penciptaan pasar cenderung gagal. Dalam kasus ini, pengakuan dan perlindungan terhadap adat, hak komunal, atau suku lebih baik untuk mereka supplantation oleh lembaga-lembaga asing properti pribadi dan negara. Papua baruGuinea memberikan contoh dari kepekaan dan akomodasi kelembagaan kelemahan dantradisi budaya dan realitas. Memang, masyarakat tradisional, sementara memiliki sistem hukum yang lemah dan lembaga-lembaga modern yang berkembang, sering memiliki lembaga tradisional yang diuji, sistem manajemen, dan hak-hak adat digunakan yang dapat memperkuat atau digunakan sebagai model untuk pengembangan lembaga baru dan instrumen yang sesuai budaya lokal dan tradisi serta munculnya realitas baru (misalnya, komersialisasi, teknologi baru, pertumbuhan penduduk, dll).Pasar modal yang tertinggal dan tingkat diskon yang tinggiKonservasi sumber daya alam dan perlindungan lingkungan adalah analog dengan investasi, dipengertian bahwa mereka melibatkan biaya tinggi saat ini kembali untuk aliran masa depan manfaat lebih tinggi nilai sekarang. Ini menciptakan masalah arus kas, terutama bagi masyarakat dengan pendapatan terbatas tunai. Masalah ini dapat diselesaikan melalui pinjaman saat ini dan masa depan pembayaran, solusi yang mengandaikan pasar modal yang berfungsi dengan baik. Di banyak negara berkembang, pasar modal segmen atau terdistorsi melalui langit-langit bunga, penjatahan kredit dan subsidi modal, dll. Kredit umumnya sangat mahal bagi peminjam kecil dan sering tidak tersedia untuk orang-orang tanpa hak milik aman untuk jaminan. Selain itu, rendah pendapatan, sering nyaris di atas tingkat kelangsungan hidup, ketidakpastian ekonomi dan ketidakstabilan politik mengakibatkan sangat tinggi harga diskon pribadi yang diterapkan untuk manfaat masa depan. Implikasi kelangkaan modal dan tingkat diskon yang tinggi untuk pemilihan instrumen adalah bahwa instrumen yang tepat tidak memberlakukan biaya modal awal yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, perintah teknologi seperti pengolahan air dan instrumen ekonomi, seperti kinerja lingkungan Obligasi atau melelang izin polusi, ini tidak cocok untuk negara berkembang pasar modal dengan tinggi discount.3 di mana biaya modal awal tidak dapat dihindari, seperti dalam kasus air atau energipasokan, instrumen yang bertujuan penuh biaya harga harus mengakomodasi kendala modal oleh amortizing biaya modal ke pembayaran bulanan yang terintegrasi dengan biaya variabel (biaya pengguna). Dalam hal sumber daya alam, terutama lahan, penetapan hak milik aman biasanya adalah mekanisme yang efektif untuk meningkatkan akses ke pasar modal dan untuk menurunkan tingkat diskon pribadi untuk petani miskin. Penghapusan langit-langit bunga dan modal subsidi (insentif investasi) untuk industri skala besar meningkatkan ketersediaan dan mengurangi biaya kredit pedesaan, tambahan untuk mendorong investasi jangka panjang seperti konservasi tanah dan penanaman pohon.Formatif tahap pembangunanDi negara maju, pemilihan instrumen pengelolaan lingkungan hidup adalah seringdibatasi oleh warisan peraturan yang ada, lingkungan birokrasi yang telah ada, dankepentingan pribadi yang dibuat oleh masa lalu dan sekarang kebijakan dan struktur. Selanjutnya, dengan matangindustri dan kota-kota dan hampir semua infrastruktur di tempat, sangat sulit secara teknis dan ekonomi mahal untuk memperkenalkan perubahan radikal kebijakan atau instrumen baru. Perkuatan tanaman industri dan infrastruktur perkotaan, menempatkan di bawah rezim kebijakan berbeda, yang sering sangat mengganggu dan mahal, yang memerlukan proses yang sangat lambat dan bertahap penyesuaian dengan grandfathering industri yang sudah ada.Negara-negara berkembang, sedang dalam tahap formatif pembangunan mereka, telah jauh lebihfleksibilitas dari negara-negara maju untuk memperkenalkan kebijakan baru dan instrumen lingkunganmanajemen. Pertama, tanpa lingkungan birokrasi yang besar dan kepentingan yang dibuat olehmelewati peraturan, negara-negara berkembang memiliki hampir bersih untuk memperkenalkan instrumen baru yang paling sesuai keadaan mereka sendiri. Kedua, terbatas tetap tanaman dan infrastruktur di tempat, lebih tinggi tingkat investasi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan omset cepat Modal saham menyiratkan pelaksanaan lebih rendah dan biaya kepatuhan untuk instrumen baru serta lebih besar efektivitas, asalkan mereka diharapkan untuk tetap di tempat dan meningkat dari waktu ke waktu untuk sepenuhnya menginternalisasi biaya lingkungan.
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
In addition to the weakness of the legal system, many cultures are not given to litigation in the same way that Western culture is. Courts are used as a last resort, which means they are rarely used. Since this is common knowledge, regulations that depend on court action are not complied with. Fines are set at levels that are too low to deter violators given also the low probability of apprehension and conviction. Regulations that are replicas of developed country regulations have little grounding in local realities and culture and are therefore largely unenforceable. In cultures where the institution of private property rights is not sanctioned and contracts are not enforced by courts, (e.g., parts of sub-Saharan Africa), economic instruments that are based on private property rights or market creation are likely to fail. In these cases, the recognition and protection of customary, communal, or tribal rights are preferable to their supplantation by alien institutions of private and state property. Papua New
Guinea provides an example of sensitivity and accommodation to institutional weaknesses and
cultural traditions and realities. Indeed, traditional societies, while having weak legal systems and undeveloped modern institutions, often have time-tested traditional institutions, management systems, and customary use rights that can be strengthened or used as models for the development of new institutions and instruments that fit the local cultures and traditions as well as emerging new realities (e.g., commercialization, new technology, population growth, etc.).
Undeveloped Capital Markets and High Discount Rates
Natural resource conservation and environmental protection are analogous to investment, in the
sense that they involve high current costs in return for a stream of future benefits of higher present value. This creates a cash flow problem, especially for societies with limited cash incomes. This problem can be solved through current borrowing and future repayment, a solution that presupposes well-functioning capital markets. In many developing countries, capital markets are segmented or distorted through interest rate ceilings, credit rationing, and capital subsidies, etc. Credit is generally very costly for small borrowers and often unavailable to those with no secure property rights for collateral. Furthermore, low incomes, often barely above survival levels, economic uncertainty, and political instability result in very high private discount rates applied to future benefits. The implications of capital scarcity and high discount rates for the selection of instruments are that the right instrument does not impose a high initial capital cost. Therefore, mandated technology such as water treatment plants and economic instruments, such as environmental performance bonds or auctioning of pollution permits, are not suitable for countries with undeveloped capital markets and high rates of discount.3 Where initial capital costs are unavoidable, as in the case of water or energy
supply, instruments that aim at full cost pricing must accommodate the capital constraint by amortizing the capital costs into monthly payments integrated with the variable costs (user charges). In the case of natural resources, especially land, assignment of secure property rights is usually an effective mechanism for improving access to capital markets and for lowering the private discount rate for poor farmers. Removal of interest rate ceilings and capital subsidies (investment incentives) for large-scale industries increases the availability and reduces the cost of rural credit, further encouraging long-term investments such as soil conservation and tree planting.
Formative Stages of Development
In developed countries, the selection of instruments for environmental management is often
constrained by the legacy of existing regulations, an entrenched environmental bureaucracy, and
vested interests created by past and present policies and structures. Furthermore, with mature
industries and cities and virtually all infrastructure in place, it is technically difficult and economically costly to introduce radical policy changes or new instruments. Retrofitting industrial plants and urban infrastructure, put in place under a different policy regime, are often very disruptive and costly,necessitating a very slow and gradual process of adjustment with grandfathering of existing industries.
Developing countries, being in the formative stages of their development, have considerably more
flexibility than developed countries to introduce new policies and instruments of environmental
management. First, without a large environmental bureaucracy and the vested interest created by
past regulations, developing countries have an almost clean slate to introduce new instruments that best fit their own circumstances. Second, the limited fixed plant and infrastructure in place, the higher rates of investment and economic growth and the rapid turnover of capital stock imply lower implementation and compliance costs for new instruments as well as greater effectiveness, provided that they are expected to remain in place and escalate over time to fully internalize environmental costs.
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
Bahasa lainnya
Dukungan alat penerjemahan: Afrikans, Albania, Amhara, Arab, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahasa Indonesia, Basque, Belanda, Belarussia, Bengali, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Burma, Cebuano, Ceko, Chichewa, China, Cina Tradisional, Denmark, Deteksi bahasa, Esperanto, Estonia, Farsi, Finlandia, Frisia, Gaelig, Gaelik Skotlandia, Galisia, Georgia, Gujarati, Hausa, Hawaii, Hindi, Hmong, Ibrani, Igbo, Inggris, Islan, Italia, Jawa, Jepang, Jerman, Kannada, Katala, Kazak, Khmer, Kinyarwanda, Kirghiz, Klingon, Korea, Korsika, Kreol Haiti, Kroat, Kurdi, Laos, Latin, Latvia, Lituania, Luksemburg, Magyar, Makedonia, Malagasi, Malayalam, Malta, Maori, Marathi, Melayu, Mongol, Nepal, Norsk, Odia (Oriya), Pashto, Polandia, Portugis, Prancis, Punjabi, Rumania, Rusia, Samoa, Serb, Sesotho, Shona, Sindhi, Sinhala, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somali, Spanyol, Sunda, Swahili, Swensk, Tagalog, Tajik, Tamil, Tatar, Telugu, Thai, Turki, Turkmen, Ukraina, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Vietnam, Wales, Xhosa, Yiddi, Yoruba, Yunani, Zulu, Bahasa terjemahan.

Copyright ©2024 I Love Translation. All reserved.

E-mail: