5. ActinomycetesActinomycetes play

5. Actinomycetes
Actinomycetes play a major role in producing antibiotics and other metabolitesBioactivity of Marine Organisms 119
such as extracellular enzymes, pigments, and growth-promoting factors.113
Marine actinomycetes have furnished new and unique antibiotics.114 The
marine environment could be a rich source of new actinomycetes and new
antibiotics. Antagonistic properties of actionmycetes from Molluscs of the
Porio Novo region, South India, have been reported.115
Twenty two ethanolic extracts of seaweeds collected from Karachi Coast,
Pakistan, were screened for brine shrimp cytotoxic activity. Of these only six
extracts showed significant activity.116 Sixty extracts of marine algae and
invertebrates from Bulgarian Black Sea Coast were examined for inhibitory
activity on the reproduction of influenza virus in tissue culture.117 The extracts
of 10 ascidians collected from the northestern Brazilian Coast were tested
for cytotoxicity using brine shrimp lethality assay, sea urchin egg development
assay, hemolysis assay, and MTT assay using tumor cell lines and the extract
of Eudistoma vannamei showed the highest toxicity in brine shrimp assay
[LD50=34.7 µg/ml).118 Robust microtiter plate based assay method for
assessment of bioactivity was developed.119 The Pacific razor clam Siliqua
patula was known to retain domoic acid, a water soluble glutamate receptor
agonist produced by diatoms of the genus Pseudonitzschia. The mechanism
by which razor clams tolerate high levels of domoic acid in their tissue while
still retaining normal nerve function was unknown. This aspect was studied
and the results suggested that razor clam siphon contains both a high and low
affinity receptor site for kainic acid and may contain more than one subtype
of glutamate receptor, thereby allowing the clam to function normally in a
marine environment that often contains high concentrations of domoic acid.120
The spotted dog fish Scyliorhinus canicula was found to have antioxidant
efficiency and detoxification enzymes.121 Bioactivity of extracts of marine
sponge from Chinese sea was evaluated for biological activity.122 The effect
of novel cytotoxic marine macrolide amphidinolide H (Amp-H) on actin
dynamics was investigated in vitro. It was found that Amp-H stabilizes actin
in a different manner from that of phalloidin and serves as a novel
pharmacological tool for analyzing actinmediated cell function.123
Pharmacological properties and isolation procedures of bioactive marine
peptides were reviewed.124,125 A cDNA microassay technique for analysis of
global gene expression profiles in tributylin-exposed ascidians was developed.
Ciona is a cosmopolitan species and a genomic analysis of Ciona revealed
that ascidians had approximately 15,500 protein-coding genes. This was the
first large cDNA microassay of this animal.
6. Concluding Remarks
Marine organisms exhibit a wide range of biological activities. The activity
in some cases varies with ecological variation and the time of collection. A
number of marine organisms exhibit toxic properties. Marine toxins have
drawn attention because of their involvement in human intoxication and the
socioeconomic impacts brought by those incidents. Many of the toxins have120 Bioactive Marine Natural Products
been found to be useful tools for probing biological or pharmacological
phenomenon. Although the majority of marine toxins have been found to be
produced by microalgae, especially dinoflagellates, it is now clear that bacteria
are responsible for production of some toxins. Seaweeds extracts exhibit
inhibitory effects upon a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
They also show a number of other useful activities. The high order of
antiimplantation activity exhibited by some marine organisms from the Indian
coast is noteworthy. It is interesting to note that in contrast to CNS depressant
activity mostly observed in terrestrial plants, the CNS stimulant activity
predominates in seaweeds. Although high order of useful activity has been
shown by a number of marine organisms, no drug in clinical use has so far
been developed from marine source. There appears good possibility of obtaining
new antiviral and anticancer drugs from marine organisms.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

5. aktinomycetesAktinomycetes memainkan peran utama dalam memproduksi antibiotik dan lain metabolitesBioactivity Marine organisme 119ekstraseluler enzim, pigmen dan pertumbuhan-mempromosikan factors.113Laut aktinomycetes telah dilengkapi antibiotics.114 baru dan uniklingkungan laut bisa menjadi sumber yang kaya aktinomycetes baru dan baruantibiotik. Antagonis properti dari actionmycetes dari moluska dariPorio Novo wilayah, India Selatan, telah reported.115Dua puluh dua ethanolic ekstrak rumput laut yang dikumpulkan dari pantai Karachi,Pakistan, diputar untuk aktivitas sitotoksik udang air garam. Dari enam ini hanyaekstrak menunjukkan signifikan activity.116 enam puluh ekstrak dari ganggang laut daninvertebrata dari pantai Laut Hitam Bulgaria diperiksa untuk penghambatanaktivitas di reproduksi virus influenza di jaringan culture.117 ekstrakdari 10 ascidian dikumpulkan dari northestern Brasil Coast diujiuntuk cytotoxicity menggunakan udang air garam lethality assay, landak laut telur pengembanganassay, assay hemolisis, dan menggunakan jalur sel tumor dan ekstrak assay MTTdari Eudistoma vannamei menunjukkan toksisitas tertinggi dalam assay udang air garam[LD50 = 34,7 µg/ml).118 piring Sungkup asap kuat berbasis metode pengujian untukpenilaian dari bioactivity adalah developed.119 The Pacific razor kerang Siliquapatula dikenal untuk mempertahankan domoic asam, reseptor glutamat larut dalam airagonis diproduksi oleh Diatom genus Pseudonitzschia. Mekanismeyang razor kerang mentolerir tingkat tinggi domoic asam dalam jaringan mereka sementaratetap mempertahankan fungsi normal saraf tidak diketahui. Aspek ini dipelajaridan hasil menyarankan siphon razor kerang yang berisi yang tinggi dan rendahafinitas reseptor situs untuk kainic asam dan mungkin berisi lebih dari satu subtipereseptor glutamat, sehingga memungkinkan kerang berfungsi normal dalamlingkungan laut yang sering mengandung konsentrasi tinggi domoic acid.120Ikan melihat anjing Scyliorhinus canicula ditemukan memiliki antioksidanefisiensi dan detoksifikasi enzymes.121 Bioactivity ekstrak Marinespons Laut Cina dievaluasi untuk biologis activity.122 efekdari novel sitotoksik marine macrolide amphidinolide H (Amp-H) pada aktivitasdinamika itu diselidiki secara in vitro. Ternyata bahwa Amp-H menstabilkan mikrovilidengan cara yang berbeda dari yang phalloidin dan berfungsi sebagai novelFarmakologi alat untuk menganalisis actinmediated sel function.123Sifat Farmakologi dan isolasi prosedur bioaktif Marinepeptida yang reviewed.124,125 A cDNA microassay teknik untuk analisisProfil ekspresi gen global di terkena tributylin ascidian dikembangkan.Ciona adalah spesies kosmopolitan dan analisis genom dari Ciona mengungkapkanbahwa ascidian memiliki sekitar 15.500 pengkodean protein gen. Ini adalahmicroassay cDNA besar pertama binatang ini.6. kesimpulanOrganisme laut menunjukkan berbagai macam kegiatan biologis. Kegiatanin some cases varies with ecological variation and the time of collection. Anumber of marine organisms exhibit toxic properties. Marine toxins havedrawn attention because of their involvement in human intoxication and thesocioeconomic impacts brought by those incidents. Many of the toxins have120 Bioactive Marine Natural Productsbeen found to be useful tools for probing biological or pharmacologicalphenomenon. Although the majority of marine toxins have been found to beproduced by microalgae, especially dinoflagellates, it is now clear that bacteriaare responsible for production of some toxins. Seaweeds extracts exhibitinhibitory effects upon a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.They also show a number of other useful activities. The high order ofantiimplantation activity exhibited by some marine organisms from the Indiancoast is noteworthy. It is interesting to note that in contrast to CNS depressantactivity mostly observed in terrestrial plants, the CNS stimulant activitypredominates in seaweeds. Although high order of useful activity has beenshown by a number of marine organisms, no drug in clinical use has so farbeen developed from marine source. There appears good possibility of obtainingnew antiviral and anticancer drugs from marine organisms.