Southern Monterey Bay was the most

Southern Monterey Bay was the most intensively mined shoreline (with sand removed directly from the surf zone) in the U.S.
during the period from 1906 until 1990, when the mines were closed following hypotheses that the mining caused coastal erosion.
It is estimated that the yearly averaged amount of mined sand between 1940 and 1984 was 128,000 m
3
/yr, which is approximately
50% of the yearly average dune volume loss during this period. To assess the impact of sand mining, erosion rates along an 18 km
range of shoreline during the times of intensive sand mining (1940–1990) are compared with the rates after sand mining ceased
(1990–2004). Most of the shoreline is composed of unconsolidated sand with extensive sand dunes rising up to a height of 46 m,
vulnerable to the erosive forces of storm waves. Erosion is defined here as a recession of the top edge of the dune. Recession was
determined using stereo-photogrammetry, and LIDAR and GPS surveys. Long-term erosion rates vary from about 0.5 m/yr at
Monterey to 1.5 m/yr in the middle of the range, and then decrease northward. Erosion events are episodic and occur when storm
waves and high tides coincide, allowing swash to undercut the dune and resulting in permanent recession. Erosion appears to be
correlated with the occurrence of El Niños. The calculated volume loss of the dune in southern Monterey Bay during the 1997–98
El Niño winter was 1,820,000 m
3
, which is almost seven times the historical annual mean dune erosion of 270,000 m
3
/yr. The
alongshore variation in recession rates appears to be a function of the alongshore gradient in mean wave energy and depletions by
sand mining. After cessation of sand mining in 1990, the erosion rates decreased at locations in the southern end of the bay but
have not significantly changed at other locations.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Southern Monterey Bay was the most intensively mined shoreline (with sand removed directly from the surf zone) in the U.S.during the period from 1906 until 1990, when the mines were closed following hypotheses that the mining caused coastal erosion.It is estimated that the yearly averaged amount of mined sand between 1940 and 1984 was 128,000 m3/yr, which is approximately50% of the yearly average dune volume loss during this period. To assess the impact of sand mining, erosion rates along an 18 kmrange of shoreline during the times of intensive sand mining (1940–1990) are compared with the rates after sand mining ceased(1990–2004). Most of the shoreline is composed of unconsolidated sand with extensive sand dunes rising up to a height of 46 m,vulnerable to the erosive forces of storm waves. Erosion is defined here as a recession of the top edge of the dune. Recession wasdetermined using stereo-photogrammetry, and LIDAR and GPS surveys. Long-term erosion rates vary from about 0.5 m/yr atMonterey to 1.5 m/yr in the middle of the range, and then decrease northward. Erosion events are episodic and occur when stormwaves and high tides coincide, allowing swash to undercut the dune and resulting in permanent recession. Erosion appears to becorrelated with the occurrence of El Niños. The calculated volume loss of the dune in southern Monterey Bay during the 1997–98El Niño winter was 1,820,000 m3, yang merupakan hampir tujuh kali sejarah tahunan berarti gundukan erosi 270.000 m3/yr.alongshore variasi dalam resesi harga tampaknya menjadi fungsi alongshore gradien dalam energi gelombang berarti dan depletions olehpenambangan pasir. Setelah penghentian dari penambangan pasir pada tahun 1990, tingkat erosi menurun di lokasi di ujung selatan Teluk tapitidak signifikan berubah di lokasi lain.© 2006 Elsevier BV Semua Hak, milik.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Southern Monterey Bay adalah pantai yang paling intensif ditambang (dengan pasir dihapus langsung dari zona surfing) di AS
selama periode 1906 sampai 1990, ketika tambang ditutup menyusul hipotesis bahwa penambangan menyebabkan erosi pantai.
Diperkirakan bahwa setiap tahun Jumlah rata-rata pasir ditambang antara tahun 1940 dan 1984 adalah 128.000 m
3
/ tahun, yang kira-kira
50% dari rata-rata tahunan penyusutan volume gundukan selama periode ini. Untuk menilai dampak dari penambangan pasir, tingkat erosi sepanjang 18 km
berbagai garis pantai pada masa penambangan pasir intensif (1940-1990) dibandingkan dengan tingkat setelah penambangan pasir berhenti
(1990-2004). Sebagian besar garis pantai terdiri dari pasir unconsolidated dengan pasir yang luas naik hingga ketinggian 46 m,
rentan terhadap pasukan erosif gelombang badai. Erosi didefinisikan di sini sebagai resesi tepi atas bukit pasir. Resesi telah
ditentukan dengan menggunakan stereo-fotogrametri, dan LIDAR dan GPS survei. Tingkat erosi jangka panjang bervariasi dari sekitar 0,5 m / tahun di
Monterey 1,5 m / tahun di tengah-tengah rentang, dan kemudian menurun ke utara. Peristiwa erosi adalah episodik dan terjadi ketika badai
gelombang dan pasang tinggi bertepatan, memungkinkan swash untuk memotong gundukan dan mengakibatkan resesi permanen. Erosi tampaknya
berkorelasi dengan terjadinya El Niño. Penyusutan volume yang dihitung dari gundukan di selatan Monterey Bay selama 1997-1998
musim El Niño adalah 1.820.000 m
3
, yang hampir tujuh kali erosi gundukan sejarah tahunan rata-rata 270.000 m
3
/ tahun. The
variasi sejajar di tingkat resesi tampaknya menjadi fungsi sejajar gradien berarti energi gelombang dan depletions oleh
penambangan pasir. Setelah penghentian penambangan pasir pada tahun 1990, tingkat erosi menurun pada lokasi di ujung selatan Teluk tapi
belum berubah secara signifikan di lokasi lain.
© 2006 Elsevier All rights reserved.