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Many low carbihydrate / high fat weight reduction diets and fasting regimens promote ketosis as a beneficial state for successful weight loss. Ketosis can suppress one’s appetite, resulting in a lower calorie in take. It also can cause increased loss of water from the body, which may be reflected in lower body weight. However, over time, ketosis can lead to serious consequences, such as dehydration, loss of lean body mass, and electrolyte imbalances. If severe, ketosis can cause coma and death.
Indigestible carbohydrate
Although fiber is indigestible, it plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the GI tract on overall health. Fiber helps prevent constipation and diverticular disease and enhances the management of body weight, blood glucose levels, and blood cholestrol levels.
Promoting bowel health
Fiber adds bulk to the feces, making bowel movements easier. When adequate fiber and fluid are consumed, the stool is large and soft because many types of plant fibers absorb water. The larger size stimulates the intestinal muscles, which aids elimination. Consequently, less force is necessary to expel the feces.
When too little fiber is eaten, the opposite can occur: the stool may be small and hard. Constipation may result, causing one to exert excessive force in the large intestine during defacation. Over time, excessive exertion can lead to the development of hemoroids. This high pressure from exertion also can cause parts of the large intestine wall to protrude through the surrounding bands of muscle, forming small pouches called diverticula. Fibrous material, feces, and bacteria can become trapped in diverticula and lead to inflammation.
Diverticular disease is asymptomatic (without noticeable symptoms) in about 80% of affected people. The asymptomatic form of this condition is called diverticulois. If the diverticula become inflamed and symptomatic, the condition is known as diverticulitis. Intake of fiber than should be reduced to limit further bacterial activity and inflammation. Once the inflammation subsides, a high fiber and high fluid diet, along with regular physical activity, is advised to restore GI tract motility and reduce the risk of a future attack.
Over the past 30 years, epidemiological studies have shown an association between increased fiber intake and decreased risk of colon cancer. However, more recently, scientist have questioned these findings. Current studies of diet and colon cancer are focusing on the potential preventive effects of increased intakes fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grain breads and cereals. (rather than fiber per se); regular exercise; and adequate vitamin D, folate, magnesium, selenium, and calcium intakes. Overall, it appears that the potential cancer prevention benefits of a high fiber diet are, for the most part, due to the nutrients that are commonly part of high fiber foods, such as vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. Thus, it is more advisable to increase fiber intake using fiber rich foods than to rely on fiber supplements.
Reducing obesity risk
A diet high fiber likely aids weight control and reduces the risk of developing obesity. The bulky nature of high fiber foods fills us up without yielding much energy. Fibrous foods also absorb water and expand in the GI tract, which may contribute to satiety, or a sense of fullness.
Enhancing blood glucose control
When consumed in recommended amounts, soluble fibers slow glucose absorption from the small intestine and decrease insulin release from the pancreas. This contributes to better blood glucose regulation, which can be helpful in the treatment of diabetes. In fact, adults with low fiber diets are more likely to develop diabetes than are those with high fiber diets.
Reducing colesterol absorption
A high intake of soluble fiber inhibits the absorption of cholesterol and the reabsorption of bile acids from the small intestine, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and gallstones. The short cahain fatty acids resulting from bacterial degradation of soluble fiber in the large intestine also reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Overall, a fiberich diet containing fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grain breads and cereals is advocated as part of a strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
5.5 carbohydrate digestion and absorption
The goal of carbohydrate digestion is to break down starch and sugars into monosaccharide units that are small enough to be absorbed. Food preparation can be viewed as the start of carbohydrate digestion because cooking softens the tough, fibrous tissues of vegetables, fruits, and grains. When starches are heated, the starches granules swell as they soak up water, making them much easier to digest. All these effects of cooking generally make these foods easier to chew, swallow, and break down during digestion.
Digestion
The enzymatic digestion of some carbohydrates begins in the mouth. Saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase, which mixes with starch containing amylose when the food is chewed. Amylase breaks down the strach into smaller polysaccharide and disaccharide units. Because food is in the mouth for such as a short amount of time, this phase of digestion is only a minor part of the overall digestive process.
When food reaches the stomach, the salivary enzymes is inactivated by the acidity of the stomach. Thus, the digestion of carbohydrate stops until it passes into the small intestine. In the small intestine, the polysaccharides in the food that were firs acted on in the mouth now are digested further by pancreatic amylase. Disaccharides are digested to their monosaccharide units by specialized enzymes in the absorption cells of the small intestine. The disaccharides include maltose from starch breakdown, lactose mainly from dairy products, and sucrose from sweetened foods. The enzymes maltase acts on maltose to produce 2 glucose molecules. Sucrase breaks down sucrose to produce glucose and fructose. Lactase digests lactose to produce glucose and galactose. Monosaccharides that occur in food (usually as glucose or fructose) do not require further digestion in the small intestine. The indigestible carbohydrates (dietary fibers and a small portion of starch in whole grains and some fruits, called resistant starch) cannot be broken down by the digestive enzymes of the small intestine. As discussed previously, they pass into the large intestine, where they are fermented by bacteria into acids and gases or are excreted in fecal waste.
Intestinal disesase can inteface with the digestion of carbohydrates, such as lactose, and prevent their breakdown and absorption. When unabsorbed carbohydrates reach the large intestine, bacteria there digest them, producing acids and gases as by products. If produced in large amounts, these gases can cause abdominal discomfrot. People recovering from intestinal disorders, such as diarrhea, may need to avoid lactose for a few weeks or more because of temporary lactose maldigestion and malabsorption. A few weeks is often sufficient time for the small intestine to resume producing enough lactase enzyme to allow for more complete lactose digestion.
Absorption
With the exception of fructose, monosaccharides are absorbed by an active absorption process. Recall from chapter 4 that this process requires a specific carrier and energy input for the substance to be taken up by the absorptive cells in the small intestine. Following digestion, glucose and galactose are pumped into the absorptive cells, along with sodium. The ATP energy used in the process pumps sodium back out the absorptive cell.
Fructose is taken up by the absorptive cells via facilitated diffusion. In the case, a carrier is used , but no energy input is needed. This absorptive process is slower than that of glucose or galactose. Once glucose, galactose, and fructose center the intestinalcells, glucose and galactose remain in that form, whereas some fructose is converted to glucose. These monosaccharides are then transported via the portal vein to the liver. Within the liver,fructose and galactose are converted to glucose. Glucose is transported through the bloodstreamfor use by the cells of the body. If blood glucose levels are adequate to meet the energy needs of body cells, the liver stores additional glucose as glycogen. (muscle cells also can store glycogen). Although the liver’s capacity to store glycogen is limited, glycogen storage provides an important reserve of energy to maintain blood glucose levels and cellular function. When carbohydrates are consumed in very high amounts, the glycogen storage capacity of the liver (and muscles) often is exceeded. The liver then converts the excess glucose to fat for storage in adipose tissue.
5.6 health concerns related to carbohydrate intake
As a part of a nutritious dieet, adequate carbohydrate intake is important for maintaining health and decreasing the risk of chronic disease. However, as with many nutrients, excessive intakes of different forms of carbohydrate can be harmful to overall health. The following discussions will help you understand the benefits and risk of varied intakeso of different types of carbohydrates.
Very high fiber diets
Adequate fiber intake provides many health benefits. However, very high intakes of fiber can cause health risks. For example, high fiber consumption combined with low fluid intake can result in hard, dry stools that are painful to eliminate. Over time, this may cause hemorrhoids from increased exertion and pressure, as well as rectal bleeding. In serve cases, the combination of excess fiber and insufficient fluid may contribute to blockages in the intestine, requiring surgery.
Very high fiber diets also may decrease the absorption of certain minerals and increase the risk of deficiencies. This occurs because some minerals can bind to fiber, which prevents them from being absorbed. In countries where fiber intake is often greater th
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Many low carbihydrate / high fat weight reduction diets and fasting regimens promote ketosis as a beneficial state for successful weight loss. Ketosis can suppress one’s appetite, resulting in a lower calorie in take. It also can cause increased loss of water from the body, which may be reflected in lower body weight. However, over time, ketosis can lead to serious consequences, such as dehydration, loss of lean body mass, and electrolyte imbalances. If severe, ketosis can cause coma and death.Indigestible carbohydrateAlthough fiber is indigestible, it plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the GI tract on overall health. Fiber helps prevent constipation and diverticular disease and enhances the management of body weight, blood glucose levels, and blood cholestrol levels.Promoting bowel healthFiber adds bulk to the feces, making bowel movements easier. When adequate fiber and fluid are consumed, the stool is large and soft because many types of plant fibers absorb water. The larger size stimulates the intestinal muscles, which aids elimination. Consequently, less force is necessary to expel the feces.When too little fiber is eaten, the opposite can occur: the stool may be small and hard. Constipation may result, causing one to exert excessive force in the large intestine during defacation. Over time, excessive exertion can lead to the development of hemoroids. This high pressure from exertion also can cause parts of the large intestine wall to protrude through the surrounding bands of muscle, forming small pouches called diverticula. Fibrous material, feces, and bacteria can become trapped in diverticula and lead to inflammation.Diverticular disease is asymptomatic (without noticeable symptoms) in about 80% of affected people. The asymptomatic form of this condition is called diverticulois. If the diverticula become inflamed and symptomatic, the condition is known as diverticulitis. Intake of fiber than should be reduced to limit further bacterial activity and inflammation. Once the inflammation subsides, a high fiber and high fluid diet, along with regular physical activity, is advised to restore GI tract motility and reduce the risk of a future attack.Over the past 30 years, epidemiological studies have shown an association between increased fiber intake and decreased risk of colon cancer. However, more recently, scientist have questioned these findings. Current studies of diet and colon cancer are focusing on the potential preventive effects of increased intakes fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grain breads and cereals. (rather than fiber per se); regular exercise; and adequate vitamin D, folate, magnesium, selenium, and calcium intakes. Overall, it appears that the potential cancer prevention benefits of a high fiber diet are, for the most part, due to the nutrients that are commonly part of high fiber foods, such as vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. Thus, it is more advisable to increase fiber intake using fiber rich foods than to rely on fiber supplements.Reducing obesity riskA diet high fiber likely aids weight control and reduces the risk of developing obesity. The bulky nature of high fiber foods fills us up without yielding much energy. Fibrous foods also absorb water and expand in the GI tract, which may contribute to satiety, or a sense of fullness.Enhancing blood glucose controlWhen consumed in recommended amounts, soluble fibers slow glucose absorption from the small intestine and decrease insulin release from the pancreas. This contributes to better blood glucose regulation, which can be helpful in the treatment of diabetes. In fact, adults with low fiber diets are more likely to develop diabetes than are those with high fiber diets.Reducing colesterol absorptionA high intake of soluble fiber inhibits the absorption of cholesterol and the reabsorption of bile acids from the small intestine, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and gallstones. The short cahain fatty acids resulting from bacterial degradation of soluble fiber in the large intestine also reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Overall, a fiberich diet containing fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grain breads and cereals is advocated as part of a strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. 5.5 carbohydrate digestion and absorption The goal of carbohydrate digestion is to break down starch and sugars into monosaccharide units that are small enough to be absorbed. Food preparation can be viewed as the start of carbohydrate digestion because cooking softens the tough, fibrous tissues of vegetables, fruits, and grains. When starches are heated, the starches granules swell as they soak up water, making them much easier to digest. All these effects of cooking generally make these foods easier to chew, swallow, and break down during digestion.Digestion The enzymatic digestion of some carbohydrates begins in the mouth. Saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase, which mixes with starch containing amylose when the food is chewed. Amylase breaks down the strach into smaller polysaccharide and disaccharide units. Because food is in the mouth for such as a short amount of time, this phase of digestion is only a minor part of the overall digestive process.When food reaches the stomach, the salivary enzymes is inactivated by the acidity of the stomach. Thus, the digestion of carbohydrate stops until it passes into the small intestine. In the small intestine, the polysaccharides in the food that were firs acted on in the mouth now are digested further by pancreatic amylase. Disaccharides are digested to their monosaccharide units by specialized enzymes in the absorption cells of the small intestine. The disaccharides include maltose from starch breakdown, lactose mainly from dairy products, and sucrose from sweetened foods. The enzymes maltase acts on maltose to produce 2 glucose molecules. Sucrase breaks down sucrose to produce glucose and fructose. Lactase digests lactose to produce glucose and galactose. Monosaccharides that occur in food (usually as glucose or fructose) do not require further digestion in the small intestine. The indigestible carbohydrates (dietary fibers and a small portion of starch in whole grains and some fruits, called resistant starch) cannot be broken down by the digestive enzymes of the small intestine. As discussed previously, they pass into the large intestine, where they are fermented by bacteria into acids and gases or are excreted in fecal waste.Intestinal disesase can inteface with the digestion of carbohydrates, such as lactose, and prevent their breakdown and absorption. When unabsorbed carbohydrates reach the large intestine, bacteria there digest them, producing acids and gases as by products. If produced in large amounts, these gases can cause abdominal discomfrot. People recovering from intestinal disorders, such as diarrhea, may need to avoid lactose for a few weeks or more because of temporary lactose maldigestion and malabsorption. A few weeks is often sufficient time for the small intestine to resume producing enough lactase enzyme to allow for more complete lactose digestion.Absorption
With the exception of fructose, monosaccharides are absorbed by an active absorption process. Recall from chapter 4 that this process requires a specific carrier and energy input for the substance to be taken up by the absorptive cells in the small intestine. Following digestion, glucose and galactose are pumped into the absorptive cells, along with sodium. The ATP energy used in the process pumps sodium back out the absorptive cell.
Fructose is taken up by the absorptive cells via facilitated diffusion. In the case, a carrier is used , but no energy input is needed. This absorptive process is slower than that of glucose or galactose. Once glucose, galactose, and fructose center the intestinalcells, glucose and galactose remain in that form, whereas some fructose is converted to glucose. These monosaccharides are then transported via the portal vein to the liver. Within the liver,fructose and galactose are converted to glucose. Glucose is transported through the bloodstreamfor use by the cells of the body. If blood glucose levels are adequate to meet the energy needs of body cells, the liver stores additional glucose as glycogen. (muscle cells also can store glycogen). Although the liver’s capacity to store glycogen is limited, glycogen storage provides an important reserve of energy to maintain blood glucose levels and cellular function. When carbohydrates are consumed in very high amounts, the glycogen storage capacity of the liver (and muscles) often is exceeded. The liver then converts the excess glucose to fat for storage in adipose tissue.
5.6 health concerns related to carbohydrate intake
As a part of a nutritious dieet, adequate carbohydrate intake is important for maintaining health and decreasing the risk of chronic disease. However, as with many nutrients, excessive intakes of different forms of carbohydrate can be harmful to overall health. The following discussions will help you understand the benefits and risk of varied intakeso of different types of carbohydrates.
Very high fiber diets
Adequate fiber intake provides many health benefits. However, very high intakes of fiber can cause health risks. For example, high fiber consumption combined with low fluid intake can result in hard, dry stools that are painful to eliminate. Over time, this may cause hemorrhoids from increased exertion and pressure, as well as rectal bleeding. In serve cases, the combination of excess fiber and insufficient fluid may contribute to blockages in the intestine, requiring surgery.
Very high fiber diets also may decrease the absorption of certain minerals and increase the risk of deficiencies. This occurs because some minerals can bind to fiber, which prevents them from being absorbed. In countries where fiber intake is often greater th
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Banyak carbihydrate / tinggi lemak diet penurunan berat badan rendah dan rejimen puasa mempromosikan ketosis sebagai negara yang bermanfaat untuk menurunkan berat badan yang sukses. Ketosis dapat menekan nafsu makan seseorang, sehingga kalori yang lebih rendah dalam mengambil. Hal ini juga dapat menyebabkan hilangnya peningkatan air dari tubuh, yang dapat tercermin dalam menurunkan berat badan. Namun, seiring waktu, ketosis dapat menyebabkan konsekuensi serius, seperti dehidrasi, kehilangan massa otot, dan ketidakseimbangan elektrolit. Jika parah, ketosis dapat menyebabkan koma dan kematian.
karbohidrat dicerna
Meskipun serat dicerna, memainkan peran penting dalam menjaga integritas saluran pencernaan pada kesehatan secara keseluruhan. Serat membantu mencegah sembelit dan divertikular penyakit dan meningkatkan manajemen berat badan, kadar glukosa darah, dan kadar kolesterol darah.
Mempromosikan usus kesehatan
Fiber menambahkan massal untuk tinja, membuat pergerakan usus lebih mudah. Ketika serat yang cukup dan cairan yang dikonsumsi, bangku besar dan lembut karena banyak jenis serat tanaman menyerap air. Ukuran yang lebih besar merangsang otot-otot usus, yang membantu eliminasi. . Akibatnya, kekuatan kurang diperlukan untuk mengusir kotoran
Ketika terlalu sedikit serat dimakan, sebaliknya dapat terjadi: tinja mungkin kecil dan keras. Sembelit bisa terjadi, menyebabkan seseorang untuk mengerahkan kekuatan yang berlebihan dalam usus besar selama defacation. Seiring waktu, tenaga yang berlebihan dapat menyebabkan perkembangan hemoroids. Tekanan ini tinggi dari tenaga juga dapat menyebabkan bagian dinding usus besar dan menonjol ke luar band sekitarnya otot, membentuk kantong kecil yang disebut diverticula. Bahan berserat, kotoran, dan bakteri bisa terjebak dalam divertikula dan menyebabkan peradangan.
penyakit divertikular asimtomatik (tanpa gejala nyata) di sekitar 80% dari orang yang terkena dampak. Bentuk asimtomatik kondisi ini disebut diverticulois. Jika divertikula menjadi meradang dan gejala, kondisi ini dikenal sebagai diverticulitis. Asupan serat daripada harus dikurangi untuk membatasi aktivitas bakteri lebih lanjut dan peradangan. Setelah peradangan mereda, serat tinggi dan diet cairan yang tinggi, bersama dengan aktivitas fisik secara teratur, disarankan untuk mengembalikan saluran pencernaan motilitas dan mengurangi risiko serangan di masa depan.
Selama 30 tahun terakhir, studi epidemiologi telah menunjukkan hubungan antara peningkatan serat Risiko intake dan penurunan kanker usus besar. Namun, baru-baru ini, ilmuwan mempertanyakan temuan ini. Studi saat diet dan kanker usus besar berfokus pada efek pencegahan potensi peningkatan asupan buah-buahan, sayuran, kacang-kacangan, dan roti gandum dan sereal. (Bukan serat per se); olahraga teratur; dan vitamin yang cukup asupan D, folat, magnesium, selenium, dan kalsium. Secara keseluruhan, tampak bahwa manfaat pencegahan kanker potensial dari diet serat tinggi, untuk sebagian besar, karena nutrisi yang biasanya bagian dari makanan berserat tinggi, seperti vitamin, mineral, dan fitokimia. Oleh karena itu, lebih dianjurkan untuk meningkatkan asupan serat makanan yang kaya serat menggunakan daripada mengandalkan suplemen serat.
Mengurangi risiko obesitas
Diet serat yang tinggi mungkin membantu mengendalikan berat badan dan mengurangi risiko mengembangkan obesitas. Sifat besar makanan tinggi serat mengisi kita tanpa menghasilkan banyak energi. Makanan berserat juga menyerap air dan berkembang di saluran pencernaan, yang dapat berkontribusi untuk kenyang, atau rasa kenyang.
Meningkatkan kontrol glukosa darah
Bila dikonsumsi dalam jumlah yang disarankan, serat larut penyerapan glukosa lambat dari usus kecil dan menurunkan pelepasan insulin dari pankreas . Hal ini memberikan kontribusi untuk regulasi glukosa darah yang lebih baik, yang dapat membantu dalam pengobatan diabetes. Bahkan, orang dewasa dengan diet rendah serat lebih mungkin untuk mengembangkan diabetes daripada mereka yang diet tinggi serat.
Mengurangi penyerapan kolesterol
Asupan tinggi serat larut menghambat penyerapan kolesterol dan reabsorpsi asam empedu dari usus kecil, sehingga mengurangi risiko penyakit kardiovaskular dan batu empedu. Asam lemak cahain pendek yang dihasilkan dari degradasi bakteri serat larut dalam usus besar juga mengurangi sintesis kolesterol dalam hati. Secara keseluruhan, diet fiberich mengandung buah-buahan, sayuran, kacang-kacangan, dan roti gandum dan sereal yang dianjurkan sebagai bagian dari strategi untuk mengurangi risiko penyakit kardiovaskular.
5.5 karbohidrat pencernaan dan penyerapan
Tujuan pencernaan karbohidrat adalah untuk memecah pati dan gula menjadi unit monosakarida yang cukup kecil untuk diserap. Persiapan makanan dapat dilihat sebagai awal dari karbohidrat pencernaan karena memasak melembutkan tangguh, jaringan berserat sayuran, buah-buahan, dan biji-bijian. Ketika pati dipanaskan, butiran pati membengkak karena menyerap air, membuat mereka lebih mudah untuk dicerna. Semua efek ini memasak umumnya membuat makanan ini lebih mudah untuk mengunyah, menelan, dan memecah selama proses pencernaan.
Pencernaan
Pencernaan enzimatik beberapa karbohidrat dimulai di mulut. Air liur mengandung enzim yang disebut amilase saliva, yang bercampur dengan pati yang mengandung amilosa ketika makanan dikunyah. Amilase memecah strach menjadi polisakarida dan disakarida unit yang lebih kecil. Karena makanan dalam mulut untuk seperti waktu singkat, fase ini pencernaan hanya bagian kecil dari proses pencernaan secara keseluruhan.
Ketika makanan mencapai lambung, enzim saliva tidak aktif oleh keasaman lambung. Dengan demikian, pencernaan karbohidrat berhenti sampai lolos ke usus kecil. Dalam usus kecil, polisakarida dalam makanan yang cemara bertindak di mulut saat dicerna lebih lanjut oleh amilase pankreas. Disakarida dicerna unit monosakarida mereka dengan enzim khusus dalam sel penyerapan usus kecil. Para disakarida termasuk maltosa dari kerusakan pati, laktosa terutama dari produk susu, dan sukrosa dari makanan manis. Enzim bertindak maltase pada maltosa menghasilkan 2 molekul glukosa. Sukrase memecah sukrosa untuk menghasilkan glukosa dan fruktosa. Mencerna laktosa laktase untuk menghasilkan glukosa dan galaktosa. Monosakarida yang terjadi dalam makanan (biasanya glukosa atau fruktosa) tidak memerlukan pencernaan lebih lanjut dalam usus kecil. Karbohidrat dicerna (serat makanan dan sebagian kecil dari pati dalam biji-bijian dan buah-buahan, yang disebut pati tahan) tidak bisa dipecah oleh enzim pencernaan dari usus kecil. Seperti telah dibahas sebelumnya, mereka masuk ke dalam usus besar, di mana mereka difermentasi oleh bakteri menjadi asam dan gas atau diekskresikan dalam limbah tinja.
disesase usus dapat inteface dengan pencernaan karbohidrat, seperti laktosa, dan mencegah kerusakan dan penyerapan mereka. Ketika karbohidrat yang tidak diserap mencapai usus besar, bakteri ada mencernanya, memproduksi asam dan gas sebagai oleh produk. Jika diproduksi dalam jumlah besar, gas-gas ini dapat menyebabkan discomfrot perut. Orang sembuh dari gangguan usus, seperti diare, mungkin perlu untuk menghindari laktosa selama beberapa minggu atau lebih karena pencernaan laktosa sementara dan malabsorpsi. Beberapa minggu seringkali waktu yang cukup bagi usus kecil untuk melanjutkan memproduksi enzim laktase yang cukup untuk memungkinkan lebih lengkap laktosa pencernaan.
Penyerapan
Dengan pengecualian fruktosa, monosakarida diserap oleh proses penyerapan aktif. Ingat dari bab 4 bahwa proses ini membutuhkan pembawa dan energi masukan spesifik untuk bahan yang akan diambil oleh sel-sel serap di usus kecil. Setelah pencernaan, glukosa dan galaktosa yang dipompa ke dalam sel serap, bersama dengan natrium. Energi ATP digunakan dalam proses pompa natrium kembali sel serap.
Fruktosa diambil oleh sel-sel serap melalui difasilitasi difusi. Dalam kasus ini, pembawa digunakan, tetapi tidak ada masukan energi yang dibutuhkan. Proses penyerapan ini lebih lambat dibandingkan dengan glukosa atau galaktosa. Setelah glukosa, galaktosa, dan pusat fruktosa intestinalcells, glukosa dan galaktosa tetap dalam bentuk itu, sedangkan beberapa fruktosa diubah menjadi glukosa. Monosakarida ini kemudian diangkut melalui vena portal ke hati. Dalam hati, fruktosa dan galaktosa diubah menjadi glukosa. Glukosa diangkut melalui penggunaan bloodstreamfor oleh sel-sel tubuh. Jika kadar glukosa darah yang cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi sel-sel tubuh, toko hati glukosa tambahan sebagai glikogen. (Sel-sel otot juga dapat menyimpan glikogen). Meski kapasitas hati untuk menyimpan glikogen terbatas, penyimpanan glikogen menyediakan cadangan energi yang penting untuk mempertahankan kadar glukosa darah dan fungsi sel. Ketika karbohidrat yang dikonsumsi dalam jumlah yang sangat tinggi, kapasitas penyimpanan glikogen hati (dan otot) sering terlampaui. Hati kemudian mengubah glukosa berlebih menjadi lemak untuk penyimpanan dalam jaringan adiposa.
kekhawatiran 5,6 kesehatan yang berhubungan dengan asupan karbohidrat
Sebagai bagian dari dieet bergizi, asupan karbohidrat yang cukup penting untuk menjaga kesehatan dan mengurangi risiko penyakit kronis. Namun, seperti banyak nutrisi, asupan yang berlebihan dari berbagai bentuk karbohidrat dapat berbahaya bagi kesehatan secara keseluruhan. Diskusi berikut akan membantu Anda memahami manfaat dan risiko intakeso bervariasi dari berbagai jenis karbohidrat.
diet serat yang sangat tinggi
asupan serat yang cukup memberikan banyak manfaat kesehatan. Namun, asupan yang sangat tinggi serat dapat menyebabkan risiko kesehatan. Sebagai contoh, konsumsi serat yang tinggi dikombinasikan dengan asupan cairan yang rendah dapat menyebabkan sulit, tinja kering yang menyakitkan untuk menghilangkan. Seiring waktu, hal ini dapat menyebabkan wasir dari peningkatan tenaga dan tekanan, serta pendarahan dubur. Dalam melayani kasus, kombinasi kelebihan serat dan cairan yang tidak mencukupi dapat berkontribusi penyumbatan di usus, yang membutuhkan pembedahan.
diet serat yang sangat tinggi juga dapat menurunkan penyerapan mineral tertentu dan meningkatkan risiko kekurangan. Hal ini terjadi karena beberapa mineral dapat mengikat serat, yang mencegah mereka dari yang diserap. Di negara-negara di mana asupan serat sering lebih besar th
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