The disparity between ownership rights or cash flow rights with contro terjemahan - The disparity between ownership rights or cash flow rights with contro Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The disparity between ownership rig

The disparity between ownership rights or cash flow rights with control rights (typical of Type 2 agency problem) is substantial in family firms[2]. However in a market like Malaysia which has a strong legal shareholder protection system, minority shareholders could anticipate this possible expropriation and accordingly push for higher payouts. According to the expropriation argument, families would prefer a lower dividend payout to potentially expropriate resources of the firm[3]. On the other hand, owners of family firms are said to be shareholders with long-term investment horizons and for whom the firm is an asset that is to be passed down through generations (Anderson et al., 2003). Some controlling shareholders have since been reported to have developed a reputation for treating minority shareholders fairly (Gomes, 2000).

The association between family ownership with dividend payout in the context of agency costs could exhibit different patterns at different levels of cut-offs of family shareholding. The extent to which families’ interests are aligned with those of minority shareholders could be non-monotonic (Andres, 2011). Chen et al.’s (2005) study in Hong Kong provides evidence on the nature of such relationships where a negative relationship is experienced between dividend payout and family ownership from 0 percent up to a fraction of 10 percent while dividend and family ownership from the 10 to 35 percent range and 35 to 100 percent range showed positive relationships (albeit insignificant statistically). Inferring from the results of Chen et al. (2005), it can be assumed that minority shareholders could possibly be less concerned with expropriation by families when the latter’s shareholding is fairly dispersed, and therefore a negative relationship between dispersed family ownership and dividend is expected. When ownership by controlling families is more concentrated, minority and other shareholders could be more concerned with expropriation and thus require higher dividend payout, and hence a positive association between the two could be expected. In a strong shareholder protection environment, minority shareholders could thus use their legal power to compel higher dividend payouts at fairly concentrated family ownership levels but probably do not see the need to do so when ownership is dispersed. When family ownership is highly concentrated, family influence could get so strong to the extent that it could possibly overwhelm the power of minority and other shareholders to force higher dividends payout. However, Jensen and Meckling (1976) and Bennedsen and Wolfenzon (2000) argue that at high ownership levels, expropriation costs are reduced. At highly concentrated ownership levels, expropriation motives by controlling shareholders could be lower compared to their alignment-of-interest motives with other shareholders. The high level of ownership might produce self-constrained and prudent behaviors among controlling families due to their realization of the fact that they have to bear the consequences of expropriation and agency costs in proportion to their shareholding (Wiwattanakantang, 2001). Hence a positive association between highly concentrated family ownership and dividend payout is foreseen. Based on the above arguments, the following hypotheses are proposed:

H1a. Family ownership at dispersed levels is negatively associated with dividend payout.

H1b. Family ownership at fairly concentrated levels is positively associated with dividend payout.

H1c. Family ownership at highly concentrated levels is positively associated with dividend payout.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
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The disparity between ownership rights or cash flow rights with control rights (typical of Type 2 agency problem) is substantial in family firms[2]. However in a market like Malaysia which has a strong legal shareholder protection system, minority shareholders could anticipate this possible expropriation and accordingly push for higher payouts. According to the expropriation argument, families would prefer a lower dividend payout to potentially expropriate resources of the firm[3]. On the other hand, owners of family firms are said to be shareholders with long-term investment horizons and for whom the firm is an asset that is to be passed down through generations (Anderson et al., 2003). Some controlling shareholders have since been reported to have developed a reputation for treating minority shareholders fairly (Gomes, 2000).The association between family ownership with dividend payout in the context of agency costs could exhibit different patterns at different levels of cut-offs of family shareholding. The extent to which families’ interests are aligned with those of minority shareholders could be non-monotonic (Andres, 2011). Chen et al.’s (2005) study in Hong Kong provides evidence on the nature of such relationships where a negative relationship is experienced between dividend payout and family ownership from 0 percent up to a fraction of 10 percent while dividend and family ownership from the 10 to 35 percent range and 35 to 100 percent range showed positive relationships (albeit insignificant statistically). Inferring from the results of Chen et al. (2005), it can be assumed that minority shareholders could possibly be less concerned with expropriation by families when the latter’s shareholding is fairly dispersed, and therefore a negative relationship between dispersed family ownership and dividend is expected. When ownership by controlling families is more concentrated, minority and other shareholders could be more concerned with expropriation and thus require higher dividend payout, and hence a positive association between the two could be expected. In a strong shareholder protection environment, minority shareholders could thus use their legal power to compel higher dividend payouts at fairly concentrated family ownership levels but probably do not see the need to do so when ownership is dispersed. When family ownership is highly concentrated, family influence could get so strong to the extent that it could possibly overwhelm the power of minority and other shareholders to force higher dividends payout. However, Jensen and Meckling (1976) and Bennedsen and Wolfenzon (2000) argue that at high ownership levels, expropriation costs are reduced. At highly concentrated ownership levels, expropriation motives by controlling shareholders could be lower compared to their alignment-of-interest motives with other shareholders. The high level of ownership might produce self-constrained and prudent behaviors among controlling families due to their realization of the fact that they have to bear the consequences of expropriation and agency costs in proportion to their shareholding (Wiwattanakantang, 2001). Hence a positive association between highly concentrated family ownership and dividend payout is foreseen. Based on the above arguments, the following hypotheses are proposed:H1a. Family ownership at dispersed levels is negatively associated with dividend payout.H1b. Family ownership at fairly concentrated levels is positively associated with dividend payout.H1c. Family ownership at highly concentrated levels is positively associated with dividend payout.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Perbedaan antara hak kepemilikan atau hak arus kas dengan hak kontrol (khas Tipe 2 masalah keagenan) adalah substansial dalam perusahaan keluarga [2]. Namun di pasar seperti Malaysia yang memiliki sistem perlindungan pemegang saham hukum yang kuat, pemegang saham minoritas bisa mengantisipasi pengambilalihan ini mungkin dan sesuai mendorong pembayaran yang lebih tinggi. Menurut argumen pengambilalihan, keluarga akan lebih memilih pembayaran dividen yang lebih rendah berpotensi mengambil alih sumber daya dari perusahaan [3]. Di sisi lain, pemilik perusahaan keluarga dikatakan pemegang saham dengan horison investasi jangka panjang dan untuk siapa perusahaan merupakan aset yang akan turun-temurun (Anderson et al., 2003). Beberapa pemegang saham pengendali telah sejak dilaporkan telah mengembangkan reputasi untuk mengobati pemegang saham minoritas yang cukup (Gomes, 2000).

Hubungan antara kepemilikan keluarga dengan pembayaran dividen dalam konteks biaya agensi bisa menunjukkan pola yang berbeda pada tingkat yang berbeda dari cut-off dari kepemilikan saham keluarga. Sejauh mana kepentingan keluarga 'diselaraskan dengan kepentingan pemegang saham minoritas bisa menjadi non-monoton (Andres, 2011). Chen et al. (2005) studi di Hong Kong memberikan bukti tentang sifat hubungan tersebut di mana hubungan negatif yang dialami antara dividend payout dan kepemilikan keluarga dari 0 persen sampai dengan sebagian kecil dari 10 persen sementara dividen dan keluarga kepemilikan dari 10 sampai 35 kisaran persen dan 35 sampai 100 persen kisaran menunjukkan hubungan positif (meskipun tidak signifikan secara statistik). Menyimpulkan dari hasil Chen et al. (2005), dapat diasumsikan bahwa pemegang saham minoritas mungkin bisa menjadi kurang peduli dengan pengambilalihan oleh keluarga ketika saham yang terakhir adalah cukup tersebar, dan karena itu hubungan negatif antara kepemilikan keluarga tersebar dan dividen diharapkan. Ketika kepemilikan keluarga mengendalikan lebih terkonsentrasi, minoritas dan pemegang saham lainnya bisa lebih peduli dengan pengambilalihan sehingga membutuhkan pembayaran dividen yang lebih tinggi, dan karenanya hubungan positif antara kedua bisa diharapkan. Dalam lingkungan perlindungan pemegang saham yang kuat, pemegang saham minoritas sehingga bisa menggunakan kekuatan hukum untuk memaksa pembayaran dividen yang lebih tinggi pada tingkat kepemilikan keluarga cukup terkonsentrasi tapi mungkin tidak melihat kebutuhan untuk melakukannya ketika kepemilikan tersebar. Ketika kepemilikan keluarga sangat terkonsentrasi, pengaruh keluarga bisa begitu kuat sampai-sampai mungkin bisa membanjiri kekuatan minoritas dan pemegang saham lainnya untuk memaksa dividen yang lebih tinggi payout. Namun, Jensen dan Meckling (1976) dan Bennedsen dan Wolfenzon (2000) berpendapat bahwa pada tingkat kepemilikan yang tinggi, biaya pengambilalihan berkurang. Pada tingkat kepemilikan yang sangat terkonsentrasi, pengambilalihan motif oleh pemegang saham pengendali bisa lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan mereka keselarasan-of-bunga motif dengan pemegang saham lainnya. Tingginya tingkat kepemilikan mungkin menghasilkan diri dibatasi dan perilaku bijaksana antara keluarga mengendalikan karena realisasinya dari fakta bahwa mereka harus menanggung konsekuensi dari pengambilalihan dan biaya agen sebanding dengan kepemilikan saham mereka (Wiwattanakantang, 2001). Oleh karena itu hubungan positif antara kepemilikan keluarga sangat terkonsentrasi dan dividend payout diramalkan. Berdasarkan argumen di atas, hipotesis berikut diusulkan:

H1a. Kepemilikan keluarga pada tingkat yang tersebar berhubungan negatif dengan dividen payout.

H1b. Kepemilikan keluarga pada tingkat yang cukup pekat berhubungan positif dengan dividen payout.

H1c. Kepemilikan keluarga pada tingkat yang sangat terkonsentrasi berhubungan positif dengan dividen payout.
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