Direct citizen participation is manifest at all levels of government,  terjemahan - Direct citizen participation is manifest at all levels of government,  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Direct citizen participation is man

Direct citizen participation is manifest at all levels of government, although it tends to be more
ident locally and regionally due to problems of scale. We find its expression in all policy areas
:h as education, health1 and social services,2 justice arid environmental systems,3 and economic
i community development. Citizens also are involved throughout all stages of policymaking—
ilysis, initiation, formulation, implementation, and evaluation. The articles in Part 3, although
t a comprehensive assortment due to space limitations, enable the reader to appreciate the scope
i depth of citizen involvement throughout all phases of the policy process.
The articles are divided into two sets. The first set of four articles focuses on direct citizen
ticipation during policy implementation—the initial entry point for federally mandated citizen
olvement. The second set of three articles exemplifies direct citizen involvement during the
Her stages of policymaking. Since interventions during the implementation phase were believed
>ccur too late in the policy process for citizens to have a positive impact (King, Feltey, and Susel
>8), proponents began to recommend opening up citizen involvement during policy analysis,
iation, and eventually budgeting.
Regardless of the arena of direct citizen involvement, the articles acknowledge tension between erts and citizens. The authors note that as society becomes more modern and bureaucratized, fessional administrators and experts begin to dominate the policy process. Experts have the cation, skills, and time to devote to policy concerns. In contrast, citizens lack the special train-and resources needed to be cogent about complex policy problems, especially those involving lly sophisticated technology (Axon 1979; Hadden 1981; Morgan 1984; DeSario and Langton 4; Cohen 1995; and Zimmerman 1995). As a consequence of these disparities, profession-and experts gain in power, while citizens, unable to participate as coequals, decrease their dvement.
Jtruggles among experts, professionals* and citizens become an even greater source of tension n experts and professionals are not attuned to the issues of the poor, minorities, or those left of the policy process. Under these conditions, reformers often call for institutional change ., decentralization of services, enhanced local control, and direct citizen participation) as a ns to redistribute power between experts and citizens and to give citizens without voice and ssentation a chance to be heard. Thus, direct citizenship participation in a democratic society es to be viewed by many as a major vehicle of social change and transformation (Korten 1980,
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Direct citizen participation is manifest at all levels of government, although it tends to be moreident locally and regionally due to problems of scale. We find its expression in all policy areas:h as education, health1 and social services,2 justice arid environmental systems,3 and economici community development. Citizens also are involved throughout all stages of policymaking—ilysis, initiation, formulation, implementation, and evaluation. The articles in Part 3, althought a comprehensive assortment due to space limitations, enable the reader to appreciate the scopei depth of citizen involvement throughout all phases of the policy process.The articles are divided into two sets. The first set of four articles focuses on direct citizenticipation during policy implementation—the initial entry point for federally mandated citizenolvement. The second set of three articles exemplifies direct citizen involvement during theHer stages of policymaking. Since interventions during the implementation phase were believed>ccur too late in the policy process for citizens to have a positive impact (King, Feltey, and Susel>8), proponents began to recommend opening up citizen involvement during policy analysis,iation, and eventually budgeting.Regardless of the arena of direct citizen involvement, the articles acknowledge tension between erts and citizens. The authors note that as society becomes more modern and bureaucratized, fessional administrators and experts begin to dominate the policy process. Experts have the cation, skills, and time to devote to policy concerns. In contrast, citizens lack the special train-and resources needed to be cogent about complex policy problems, especially those involving lly sophisticated technology (Axon 1979; Hadden 1981; Morgan 1984; DeSario and Langton 4; Cohen 1995; and Zimmerman 1995). As a consequence of these disparities, profession-and experts gain in power, while citizens, unable to participate as coequals, decrease their dvement.Jtruggles among experts, professionals* and citizens become an even greater source of tension n experts and professionals are not attuned to the issues of the poor, minorities, or those left of the policy process. Under these conditions, reformers often call for institutional change ., decentralization of services, enhanced local control, and direct citizen participation) as a ns to redistribute power between experts and citizens and to give citizens without voice and ssentation a chance to be heard. Thus, direct citizenship participation in a democratic society es to be viewed by many as a major vehicle of social change and transformation (Korten 1980,
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Partisipasi warga langsung terwujud di semua tingkat pemerintahan, meskipun cenderung lebih
ident lokal dan regional karena masalah skala. Kami menemukan ekspresinya dalam semua bidang
kebijakan: h pendidikan, health1 dan pelayanan sosial, 2 keadilan sistem lingkungan gersang, 3 dan ekonomi
i pengembangan masyarakat. Warga juga terlibat di semua tahapan policymaking-
ilysis, inisiasi, formulasi, implementasi, dan evaluasi. Artikel di Bagian 3, meskipun
ta macam komprehensif karena keterbatasan ruang, memungkinkan pembaca untuk menghargai lingkup
kedalaman i keterlibatan warga negara di seluruh semua tahap proses kebijakan.
Artikel dibagi menjadi dua set. Set pertama dari empat artikel berfokus pada warga langsung
ticipation selama kebijakan pelaksanaan-titik masuk awal untuk warga federal diamanatkan
olvement. Set kedua dari tiga artikel mencontohkan keterlibatan warga langsung selama
tahap Nya kebijakan. Sejak intervensi selama fase implementasi
diyakini> CCur terlambat dalam proses kebijakan bagi warga negara untuk memiliki dampak positif (Raja, Feltey, dan
Susel> 8), pendukung mulai merekomendasikan keterlibatan warga membuka selama analisis kebijakan,
iation, dan akhirnya penganggaran.
Terlepas dari arena keterlibatan warga langsung, artikel mengakui ketegangan antara erts dan warga. Para penulis mencatat bahwa sebagai masyarakat menjadi lebih modern dan birokratis, administrator fessional dan ahli mulai mendominasi proses kebijakan. Para ahli memiliki kation, keterampilan, dan waktu untuk mencurahkan kekhawatiran kebijakan. Sebaliknya, warga kurang khusus kereta-dan sumber daya yang dibutuhkan untuk menjadi meyakinkan tentang masalah kebijakan yang kompleks, terutama yang melibatkan teknologi canggih lly (Axon 1979; Hadden 1981; Morgan 1984; DeSario dan Langton 4; Cohen 1995; dan Zimmerman 1995). Sebagai konsekuensi dari perbedaan ini, profesi-dan ahli mendapatkan kekuasaan, sementara warga, tidak dapat berpartisipasi sebagai coequals, menurunkan dvement mereka.
Jtruggles di antara para ahli, profesional * dan warga menjadi sumber yang lebih besar ketegangan n ahli dan profesional yang tidak selaras untuk masalah orang miskin, minoritas, atau orang-orang yang tersisa dari proses kebijakan. Dengan kondisi tersebut, reformis sering panggilan untuk perubahan kelembagaan., Desentralisasi pelayanan, kontrol lokal ditingkatkan, dan partisipasi warga langsung) sebagai ns untuk mendistribusikan kekuasaan antara para ahli dan warga negara dan untuk memberikan warga negara tanpa suara dan ssentation kesempatan untuk didengar. Dengan demikian, partisipasi kewarganegaraan langsung dalam es masyarakat demokratis untuk dilihat oleh banyak orang sebagai kendaraan utama perubahan sosial dan transformasi (Korten 1980,
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