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reasons or terminating the employment. National laws and practices that only require a valid reason for termination of employment where there is not period of notice (this is generally in the case of serious misconduct) and that do not require justification for termination of employment when notice has been given are not in accordance with the Convention4.In Albania, according to Article 141 of the Code of Labor, the contract of undefined duration will end, if one of the parties terminates it, or if the notice deadline expires. At any time the employer may immediately terminate the contract for reasonable causes. Reasonable cause will be considered all the serious circumstances that, in accordance of theprinciple of mutual trust, do not allow for asking the employer to continue the labor relations. The court decides itself whether there have been reasonable causes for the immediate termination of the contract. Reasonable causes will be considered only those cases where the employee violates the contractual obligations of serious offence, as well as the cases where the employee repeatedly violates the contractual obligations of non-serious offence, regardless of the employer’s written warning. If the contract is terminated for no reasonable cause, then the employee will have the right to sue the employer at the court within 180 days, starting from the day on which the notice deadline has expired. (See Article 146 of CL). At any time the employer may immediately terminate the contract for reasonable causes. Furthermore, the employer may not terminate the contract in the case where, according to the legislation in force, the employee is completing his/her military service, benefits payment related to temporary disability to work from the employer or SocialInsurance for a period of not longer than one than one years, as well as in the case where the employee is one vocations given to him/her by the employer5.In France, the Labour Code states that all dismissal should be based on well-founded an valid grounds. In the absence of agreement between the parties, a contract of employment may be terminated by the employer only on account of serious misconduct or in the case of force majeure. A contract of employment for an unspecified period may be terminated by either of the parties. The termination by an employer should be justified by a genuine and serious reason. Any termination carried out by an employer for one or more reasons not inherent in the personality of the employee resulting from the elimination or transformation of the job or a substantial modification of the contract ofemployment, especially after economic hardships or technological changes, constitutes a dismissal for economic reasons. No employer may terminate the contract of a woman who has been medically certified as pregnant; nor may her employment be terminated during a period of leave to which she is entitled (whether or not she takes it), or within four weeks of the expiration of the leave period. In addition, an employer may not terminate the employment of a worker whose contract has been suspended because of an employment injury or occupational disease, unless the employer can show that the employee has engaged in serious misconduct or that it is impossible, for reasons unrelated to the injury or illness, or the contract to continue in force. Termination of the employment of a trade union delegate, an employee representative and persons of similar status can only occur after authorization by the labour inspectorate. Sec. L.122-45 of the Labour Code states that no dismissal may be founded on discrimination based upon origin, sex, family status, race,nationality, political opinion, trade union activities, religion, disability, or exercise of the right to strike or health. Any such dismissal is considered null and void.In Germany, pursuant to sec.626 of the Civil Code, the reasons for summary dismissal must be based on grave misconduct or incompetence of the employee, or severe economic circumstances to the behaviour of the employee. However, the dismissal is only lawful if in view of all circumstances of the case, and in evaluating the interest of both parties, it is intolerable for either of the parties to fulfil the contract until the period of notice. Examples of serious breaches of contract include a criminal offence, persistent refusal to fulfil the contract of employment in spite of warnings, and deceiving the employer about skills or qualifications essential for the job. White Collar Employees Act also lists additionalgrounds for summary dismissal. Summary dismissal must be carried out with two weeks of the occurrence on which it is based. The Protection Against Dismissal Act, prima facie position on dismissal is that it is assumed to be socially unjustifiable and therefore unlawful. The first and foremost aim of the PADA is to protect the employees contract of employment. The PADA define collective redundancy as a situation where, within a given period of 30 days, the employment relationship of a relatively large number of employees is actually terminated by the employer by way or ordinary dismissal with notice.In United Kingdom, according to the common law, any contract may be terminated by either party with due notice. However, the common law has been restricted by legislation aimed at curbing unfair dismissal. The Employment RightsAct (1996) includes, as a principle, the right of an employee not to be dismissed unfairly. According to sec.98 of theEmployment Rights Act, a dismissal may be fair if the employer shows that the reason or the principal reason for the
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