1. Formulating the problem 2. Const

1. Formulating the problem 2. Constructing a mathematical model to repres,mt the sys-tem under study
3. Deriving a solution from the model 4. Testing the model and the solution derived from it 5. Establishing controls over the solution 6. Putting the solution to work" The use of mathematical models is stressed in operations research problems, and the definition implies treatment of larger-scale problems—the operation of a system—than was practicable with earlier techniques. The team approach which draws members from various disciplines has been an integral part of many opera-tions research studies. Again, the team concept implies the ability to handle larger-scale problems than was feasible with other approaches. The systems concepts embodied in the definitions of opera-tions research are particularly important. As stated previously, the systems approach provides no cookbook recipe for problem solv-ing; rather, it involves a frame of mind which can serve to orient the application of specific techniques. Along with some mathematical. tools, . . . operations research brought into management decision making a point of view called the systems approach. The systems approach is no easier to define than operations research for it is a set of attitudes and a frame of mind rather than a definite and explicit theory. At its vaguest, it means looking at the whole problem—again, hardly a novel idea, and not always a very helpful one. Somewhat more concretely, it means designing the components of a system and making individ-ual decisions within it in light of the implication of these decisions for the system as a whole." The reader should evaluate the various techniques described throughout the remainder of this chapter in terms of their con-tribution to implementation of a systems apprcach. Before dis-cussing specific techniques, it will be helpful to set the stage by describing another aspect of mathematical analysis—models.
MODELS
Construction of a model is-a-common technique of abstraction and simplification for studying the characteristics or behavioral aspects
"'C. West Churchman, Russel L. Ackoff, and E. Leonard Arr.off, Introduction to Operations Research, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1957, p. 18. "Simon, op. cit., p. 15.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

1. merumuskan masalah 2. Membangun model matematis untuk repres, mt sys-tem diteliti 3. Deriving a solution from the model 4. Testing the model and the solution derived from it 5. Establishing controls over the solution 6. Putting the solution to work" The use of mathematical models is stressed in operations research problems, and the definition implies treatment of larger-scale problems—the operation of a system—than was practicable with earlier techniques. The team approach which draws members from various disciplines has been an integral part of many opera-tions research studies. Again, the team concept implies the ability to handle larger-scale problems than was feasible with other approaches. The systems concepts embodied in the definitions of opera-tions research are particularly important. As stated previously, the systems approach provides no cookbook recipe for problem solv-ing; rather, it involves a frame of mind which can serve to orient the application of specific techniques. Along with some mathematical. tools, . . . operations research brought into management decision making a point of view called the systems approach. The systems approach is no easier to define than operations research for it is a set of attitudes and a frame of mind rather than a definite and explicit theory. At its vaguest, it means looking at the whole problem—again, hardly a novel idea, and not always a very helpful one. Somewhat more concretely, it means designing the components of a system and making individ-ual decisions within it in light of the implication of these decisions for the system as a whole." The reader should evaluate the various techniques described throughout the remainder of this chapter in terms of their con-tribution to implementation of a systems apprcach. Before dis-cussing specific techniques, it will be helpful to set the stage by describing another aspect of mathematical analysis—models. MODELS Construction of a model is-a-common technique of abstraction and simplification for studying the characteristics or behavioral aspects "'C. West Churchman, Russel L. Ackoff, and E. Leonard Arr.off, Introduction to Operations Research, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1957, p. 18. "Simon, op. cit., p. 15.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

1 Perumusan masalah 2 Membangun model matematis untuk repres, mt sys-tem yang diteliti
3. Mendapatkan solusi dari model 4. Pengujian model dan solusi yang berasal dari itu 5. kontrol Menetapkan atas solusi 6 Menempatkan solusi untuk bekerja "Penggunaan model matematika ditekankan dalam masalah riset operasi, dan definisi menyiratkan pengobatan masalah-the-skala yang lebih besar pengoperasian sistem-daripada yang praktis dengan teknik sebelumnya. Pendekatan tim yang menarik anggota dari berbagai disiplin ilmu telah menjadi bagian integral dari banyak studi penelitian opera-tions. Sekali lagi, konsep tim menyiratkan kemampuan untuk menangani .. masalah-skala yang lebih besar daripada yang layak dengan pendekatan lain Sistem konsep yang terkandung dalam definisi opera-tions penelitian sangat penting Seperti yang dinyatakan sebelumnya, pendekatan sistem tidak memberikan resep masak untuk masalah solv-ing, melainkan melibatkan bingkai pikiran yang dapat berfungsi untuk mengarahkan penerapan teknik tertentu. Seiring dengan beberapa matematika alat.,... riset operasi dibawa ke keputusan manajemen membuat sudut pandang yang disebut pendekatan sistem. Pendekatan sistem tidak mudah untuk menentukan daripada riset operasi untuk itu adalah seperangkat sikap dan kerangka pikiran daripada teori yang pasti dan eksplisit. Pada samar, ia berarti melihat seluruh masalah-lagi, hampir tidak ide baru, dan tidak selalu yang sangat membantu. Agak lebih konkret, itu berarti merancang komponen sistem dan membuat keputusan individ-UAL di dalamnya dalam terang implikasi dari keputusan ini untuk sistem secara keseluruhan. "Pembaca harus mengevaluasi berbagai teknik yang dijelaskan sepanjang sisa bab ini dalam hal mereka con-tribution untuk pelaksanaan apprcach sistem. Sebelum dis-memaki teknik tertentu, akan sangat membantu untuk mengatur panggung dengan menjelaskan aspek lain dari matematika analisis-model.
MODEL
Pembangunan model adalah-a-umum teknik abstraksi dan penyederhanaan untuk mempelajari karakteristik atau aspek perilaku
"'C. Barat rohaniawan, Russel L. Ackoff, dan E. Leonard Arr.off, Pengantar Riset Operasi, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, 1957, hal. 18 "Simon, op. Cit., Hal. 15.