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Different institutions in Indonesia

Different institutions in Indonesia engage in development efforts by appealing to different socio-economic sectors. For example, Islamic Financial Cooperative (Baitul Maal wat Tamwil [BMT]) and Shari'ah Rural Bank (Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Syariah [BPRS]), two of the main Shari'ah microfinance providers in Indonesia, contribute greatly to socio-economic development in both urban and rural areas, despite being different in nature. As a bank, BPRS enjoys sufficient support, regulation, and monitoring (from Bank Indonesia, the central bank); BMT, on the other hand, as a Shari'ah cooperative, receives limited support, regulation, and monitoring.
This study explores the role and potential of BMT and BPRS in developing microenterprises in East Java, Indonesia. It aims to measure the impact that these institutions have had on the economic and social well-being of their clients. It proposes strategies for improving the roles of these institutions, developed through an informed understanding of the findings established in the empirical part of the study. This study adopted triangulation as a research method, using quantitative and qualitative data collection (questionnaires and interviews) and analysis. The empirical analysis in this research is based on data collected from 348 questionnaires from the clients of BMT or BMRS and 22 interviews with the directors or managers of these institutions.
The findings suggest that microenterprises in Indonesia face challenges in gaining access to finance, despite their large numbers, their potential, and their important role in the macroeconomy. BMT and BPRS also experienced challenges, facing risk and moral hazard; difficulty in accessing borrowers’ financial flows; managerial problems; and a lack of capital (particularly owing to seasonal changes in circumstances), infrastructure, personnel, staff skills, vehicles; and, for BMT, the lack of an appropriate legal basis. With regard to the socio-economic impact of gaining access to finance, the empirical findings show significant statistical improvements in microenterprises’ annual sales, business expenditures, net income, and employment. The variables that correlate with this economic impact are the assets owned, the financing received, and the duration of the microenterprise's relationship with BMT or BPRS. Similarly, less than half of the respondents reported a positive social impact, and even fewer respondents reported a positive religious or other impact. The strong predictors of social, religious, and other impacts are social development programs or services, which indicate the importance of improving the frequency and coverage of these services. Although these findings present a mixed picture, they show a reduction in the number of poor respondents after financing—indicating a positive impact.
This study suggests that BMT and BPRS could expand their role in socio-economic development by adopting proactive strategies, such as improving their training services (in collaboration with related educational institutions), providing more information to the wider community about financing services, increasing their customers’ understanding of Islamic terms used in financial products, and being more innovative in developing financial products to meet the needs of their clients.
© 2014 Nur Indah Riwajanti
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Different institutions in Indonesia engage in development efforts by appealing to different socio-economic sectors. For example, Islamic Financial Cooperative (Baitul Maal wat Tamwil [BMT]) and Shari'ah Rural Bank (Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Syariah [BPRS]), two of the main Shari'ah microfinance providers in Indonesia, contribute greatly to socio-economic development in both urban and rural areas, despite being different in nature. As a bank, BPRS enjoys sufficient support, regulation, and monitoring (from Bank Indonesia, the central bank); BMT, on the other hand, as a Shari'ah cooperative, receives limited support, regulation, and monitoring.This study explores the role and potential of BMT and BPRS in developing microenterprises in East Java, Indonesia. It aims to measure the impact that these institutions have had on the economic and social well-being of their clients. It proposes strategies for improving the roles of these institutions, developed through an informed understanding of the findings established in the empirical part of the study. This study adopted triangulation as a research method, using quantitative and qualitative data collection (questionnaires and interviews) and analysis. The empirical analysis in this research is based on data collected from 348 questionnaires from the clients of BMT or BMRS and 22 interviews with the directors or managers of these institutions.The findings suggest that microenterprises in Indonesia face challenges in gaining access to finance, despite their large numbers, their potential, and their important role in the macroeconomy. BMT and BPRS also experienced challenges, facing risk and moral hazard; difficulty in accessing borrowers’ financial flows; managerial problems; and a lack of capital (particularly owing to seasonal changes in circumstances), infrastructure, personnel, staff skills, vehicles; and, for BMT, the lack of an appropriate legal basis. With regard to the socio-economic impact of gaining access to finance, the empirical findings show significant statistical improvements in microenterprises’ annual sales, business expenditures, net income, and employment. The variables that correlate with this economic impact are the assets owned, the financing received, and the duration of the microenterprise's relationship with BMT or BPRS. Similarly, less than half of the respondents reported a positive social impact, and even fewer respondents reported a positive religious or other impact. The strong predictors of social, religious, and other impacts are social development programs or services, which indicate the importance of improving the frequency and coverage of these services. Although these findings present a mixed picture, they show a reduction in the number of poor respondents after financing—indicating a positive impact.This study suggests that BMT and BPRS could expand their role in socio-economic development by adopting proactive strategies, such as improving their training services (in collaboration with related educational institutions), providing more information to the wider community about financing services, increasing their customers’ understanding of Islamic terms used in financial products, and being more innovative in developing financial products to meet the needs of their clients.
© 2014 Nur Indah Riwajanti
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Lembaga yang berbeda di Indonesia terlibat dalam upaya pembangunan dengan menarik sektor sosial-ekonomi yang berbeda. Misalnya, Islamic Financial Koperasi (Baitul Maal wat Tamwil [BMT]) dan Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Syariah (Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Syariah [BPRS]), dua penyedia keuangan mikro syariah utama di Indonesia, berkontribusi besar terhadap pembangunan sosial-ekonomi baik di daerah perkotaan dan pedesaan, meskipun berbeda di alam. Sebagai bank, BPRS menikmati dukungan yang cukup, regulasi, dan pengawasan (dari Bank Indonesia, bank sentral); BMT, di sisi lain, sebagai Syariah koperasi, menerima dukungan terbatas, regulasi, dan pengawasan.
Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi peran dan potensi BMT dan BPRS dalam mengembangkan usaha mikro di Jawa Timur, Indonesia. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengukur dampak bahwa lembaga-lembaga tersebut telah di kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosial klien mereka. Ini mengusulkan strategi untuk meningkatkan peran lembaga-lembaga ini, yang dikembangkan melalui pemahaman mengenai temuan didirikan di bagian empiris dari penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan triangulasi sebagai metode penelitian, menggunakan pengumpulan data kuantitatif dan kualitatif (kuesioner dan wawancara) dan analisis. Analisis empiris dalam penelitian ini didasarkan pada data yang dikumpulkan dari 348 kuesioner dari klien BMT atau BMRS dan 22 wawancara dengan direktur atau manajer lembaga tersebut.
Temuan menunjukkan bahwa usaha mikro di Indonesia menghadapi tantangan dalam mendapatkan akses ke keuangan, meskipun mereka jumlah besar, potensi mereka, dan peran penting dalam perekonomian. BMT dan BPRS juga mengalami tantangan, menghadapi risiko dan moral hazard; kesulitan dalam mengakses arus keuangan peminjam; masalah manajerial; dan kurangnya modal (terutama karena perubahan musiman dalam keadaan), infrastruktur, personel, keterampilan staf, kendaraan; dan, untuk BMT, kurangnya dasar hukum yang tepat. Berkenaan dengan dampak sosial-ekonomi untuk mendapatkan akses keuangan, temuan empiris menunjukkan perbaikan yang signifikan statistik dalam penjualan tahunan mikro ', pengeluaran bisnis, laba bersih, dan pekerjaan. Variabel yang berhubungan dengan dampak ekonomi ini adalah aset yang dimiliki, pembiayaan yang diterima, dan durasi hubungan mikro dengan BMT atau BPRS. Demikian pula, kurang dari setengah dari responden melaporkan dampak sosial yang positif, dan bahkan lebih sedikit responden melaporkan dampak agama atau lainnya positif. Para prediktor kuat dari dampak sosial, agama, dan lainnya adalah program pembangunan sosial atau layanan, yang menunjukkan pentingnya meningkatkan frekuensi dan cakupan layanan ini. Meskipun temuan ini menunjukkan pola yang seragam, mereka menunjukkan penurunan jumlah responden miskin setelah pembiayaan menunjukkan dampak positif.
Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa BMT dan BPRS bisa memperluas peran mereka dalam pembangunan sosial-ekonomi dengan mengadopsi strategi proaktif, seperti meningkatkan jasa pelatihan mereka (bekerja sama dengan lembaga pendidikan terkait), memberikan informasi lebih lanjut kepada masyarakat luas tentang jasa pembiayaan, meningkatkan pemahaman pelanggan mereka dari istilah Islam yang digunakan dalam produk-produk keuangan, dan menjadi lebih inovatif dalam mengembangkan produk-produk keuangan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan mereka klien.
© 2014 Nur Indah Riwajanti
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