Philosophy 302: EthicsJung's Psycho

Philosophy 302: Ethics
Jung's Psychological Types


Abstract: Jung's theory of psychological types is sketched as a prelude to developing a naturalistic ethics.

I.. The unique nature of what it is to be a human being is directly relevant to the question of what is possible for human beings to do. An ethics, then, could be derived from the psychological aspects of personality of human beings. We could consider any psychology here and trace the implications for naturalistic ethics. For simplicity, we will consider Jung’s psychology of the conscious mind as described in his Psychological Types as a case study.


A. Jung states that there are two differing attitudes toward life--two different modes of reacting to circumstances. No one lives completely as one type or the other; your type might be innate, at least your type begins very early in life.


1. Extroverted attitude: a standpoint characterized by an outward flowing of personal energy (libido)—an interest in events, in people and things, a relationship with them, and a dependence on them. The extrovert is usually ...


a. motivated by outside factors and greatly influenced by the environment,


b. sociable and confident in unfamiliar surroundings, less cautious, less fearful, and


c. likes organizations, parties, and tends to be optimistic and enthusiastic.


d. Weaknesses of the extroverted attitude include:


(1) a dependence on making a good impression,


(2) easily making and breaking relationships,


(3) regarding reflection as being morbid and avoiding being alone,


(4) lacking self-criticism, and


(5) accepting the morals and conventions of the day--conventional.


2. Introverted Attitude: characterized by an inward flowing of personal energy—a withdrawal concentrating on subjective factors. The introvert is usually ...


a. . happy alone with a rich imagination, and


b. prefers reflection to activity.


c. Weakness of the introverted attitude includes ...


(1) a lack confidence in relation to people and things and


(2) a tendency to be unsociable, shy, and hesitant.


4. Each type misjudges the other; they tend to notice the negative aspects of the other.


a. The introvert is seen as egotistical, dull, and self-centered; the extrovert is seen as superficial and insincere.


b. Our Western attitude is extroverted; value is put on being outgoing which we consider being well adjusted. The East is seen as inscrutable.


c. Jung says that there is a marked tendency for either type to marry its opposite (each secretly hopes that the other will take care of the side of the life each lacks).


(1) All goes well as long as both persons adapt themselves to the needs of life.


(2) But each person speaks a different language--there is a lack of real understanding and a lack of full companionship.


B. Each of these types in the struggle for existence uses their most developed function to orient themselves to their inner and outer worlds. The functions are as follows.


1. Thinking (mostly men): gives meaning and understanding; actions are a result of an intellectually considered motive; life is based on principles. {Thinking has an underdeveloped valuation of feeling function.}


a. Extroverted


(1) They use thought in making decisions; they are tied to facts, and do not pursue abstract ideas.


(2) They tend to suppress facts that do not fit into their schemes.


(3) E.g., an empirical scientist or a trivia buff.


b. Introverted:


(1) They are not interested in facts per se but are interested in abstract ideas. Facts are not collected for their own value.


(2) Introverted thinkers give little attention to their relationship with the world.


(3) E.g., mathematicians, philosophers.


2. Feeling (mostly women): a rational function that weighs, values, and attaches a proper value to things. Truth is seen as inter-subjectivity. (The "feeling" is not the result of something—it’s more like practical wisdom, knowing the appropriate thing to do under the circumstances-- phronesis). {The feeling type has an underdeveloped thinking function.}


a. Extroverted:


(1) Personal relationships are important; the extraverted feeling type is well adjusted to environment.


(2) The tact or charm of this type makes social and family life possible.


(3) E.g., hostesses, diplomats, ministers.


b. Introverted


(1) This type can appear to be too genuine; sometimes they are unadaptable; but can become constant, reliable friends.


(2) They may appear cold; but "still waters run deep;" they have much sympathy and understanding for intimate friends


(3) Other characteristics include being religious, musical, and occasionally capable of fantastic self-sacrifice.


(4) E.g., writer, physician, nurse, psychologist, dramatist.


3. Sensation (mostly men): emphasis on perception through the senses (The American way of life.) {Sensation types usually have an underdeveloped intuition function.}


a. Extroverted: emphasis is placed on the object.


(1) This type is sometimes said to be"lost" in the world; they take everything as it comes and experience everything as it is, no more, no less.


(2) They tend to be calm, easy, jolly, not rational, or


(3) they seek action, efficiency, power and prestige


(4) E.g., politicians, leaders, military, pleasure seekers.


b. Introverted: emphasis on the sensation.


(1) They are sensitive and imaginative.


(2) The introverted sensation types are sometimes difficult to understand; because they are overwhelmed by impressions—they see things that are not there, e.g., fiery dragons as faces in automobile grills.


(3) E.g., engineer, artists, musicians.


(4) Intuition: ( intuition via the unconscious) tells of future possibilities and gives information of the atmosphere which surrounds experience. The definition of this function: a perception of realities which are not known to consciousness and which go on via the unconscious. {The intuitive type usually has an undeveloped function of sensation.}


a. Extroverted


(1) They dislike safe, familiar, or well-established things.


(2) They often have the capacity to inspire in hopelessly blocked situations.


(3) They use judgment or diagnosis without an objective basis. They are often effective in new situations where there is no established way to deal with those situations.


(4) When mistaken, the extroverted intuitive type can lead many people to ruin.


(5) E.g., traveler, temporary leader.


b. Introverted:


(1) This type often sees visions and is creative.


(2) They squander resources and tend to be creative, artistic, or poetic.

(3). E.g., mystics, poets.
II. If we concur that Jung's theory is useful, then a naturalistic theory can be developed in accordance with nature of our personalities. A naturalistic theory along these lines is also one of the development of our peculiar capacities.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Filsafat 302: etikaTipe-tipe psikologi Jung Abstrak: Jung teori psikologis jenis digambarkan sebagai pendahuluan untuk mengembangkan etika naturalistik.I.. sifat unik dari apa artinya menjadi manusia secara langsung berkaitan dengan pertanyaan yang mungkin bagi manusia untuk melakukan. Etika, kemudian, bisa berasal dari aspek psikologis kepribadian manusia. Kami dapat mempertimbangkan setiap psikologi di sini dan jejak implikasi etika naturalistik. Untuk kesederhanaan, kami akan mempertimbangkan Jung psikologi dari pikiran sadar seperti yang dijelaskan dalam tipe-tipe psikologi Nya sebagai studi kasus. A. Jung menyatakan bahwa ada dua berbeda sikap hidup--dua modus yang berbeda bereaksi terhadap keadaan. Tidak seorangpun hidup sepenuhnya sebagai satu jenis atau yang lain; jenis Anda mungkin bawaan, setidaknya jenis Anda mulai sangat awal dalam hidup. 1. ekstrover sikap: sudut pandang yang dicirikan oleh mengalir ke luar dari energi pribadi (libido) — minat dalam peristiwa, orang dan hal-hal, hubungan dengan mereka dan ketergantungan pada mereka. Ekstrovert adalah biasanya... a. dimotivasi oleh faktor luar dan sangat dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan, b. bersosialisasi dan percaya diri dalam lingkungan yang tidak dikenalnya, kurang takut, kurang hati-hati, dan c. suka organisasi, pihak, dan cenderung optimis dan antusias. d. kelemahan dari sikap ekstrover meliputi: (1) ketergantungan pada membuat kesan yang baik, (2) dengan mudah membuat dan melanggar hubungan, (3) mengenai refleksi sebagai mengerikan dan menghindari sendirian, (4) kekurangan kritik-diri dan (5) menerima moral dan Konvensi hari--konvensional. 2. introver sikap: ditandai dengan batin aliran energi pribadi — penarikan berkonsentrasi pada faktor-faktor yang subjektif. Introvert adalah biasanya... a.. bahagia sendirian dengan imajinasi yang kaya, dan b. lebih suka refleksi aktivitas. c. kelemahan dari sikap introver termasuk... (1) kurangnya kepercayaan orang-orang dan hal-hal dan (2) kecenderungan untuk menjadi unsociable, malu dan ragu-ragu. 4. setiap jenis misjudges lain; mereka cenderung untuk memperhatikan aspek negatif dari yang lain. a. introvert dipandang sebagai egois, kusam, dan berpusat pada diri sendiri; ekstrovert dipandang sebagai dangkal dan tulus. b. sikap Barat ekstrover; nilai diletakkan pada sedang keluar yang kami anggap menjadi baik disesuaikan. Timur dipandang sebagai gaib. c. Jung mengatakan bahwa ada kecenderungan untuk kedua jenis menikah sebaliknya (masing-masing diam-diam berharap bahwa yang lain akan mengurus sisi kehidupan setiap kekurangan). (1) semua berjalan baik selama orang sebagai baik menyesuaikan diri dengan kebutuhan hidup. (2) tetapi setiap orang berbicara bahasa yang berbeda--ada kurangnya pemahaman yang benar dan kurangnya penuh persahabatan. B. setiap jenis ini dalam perjuangan untuk keberadaan menggunakan fungsi mereka paling berkembang untuk menyesuaikan diri ke dunia mereka dalam dan luar. Fungsi adalah sebagai berikut. 1. berpikir (kebanyakan laki-laki): memberikan makna dan pengertian; tindakan adalah hasil dari motif intelektual dianggap; hidup ini didasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip. {Pemikiran memiliki penilaian terbelakang perasaan fungsi}. a. ekstrover (1) mereka menggunakan pemikiran dalam membuat keputusan; mereka terikat pada fakta-fakta dan tidak mengejar ide-ide abstrak. (2) mereka cenderung menekan fakta-fakta yang tidak sesuai skema mereka. (3) misalnya, ilmuwan empiris atau trivia penggemar. b. introvert: (1) mereka tidak tertarik pada fakta per se, tapi tertarik dengan ide-ide abstrak. Fakta-fakta tidak dikumpulkan untuk nilai mereka sendiri. (2) tertutup pemikir memberikan sedikit perhatian pada hubungan mereka dengan dunia. (3) misalnya, matematikawan, filsuf. 2. perasaan (terutama perempuan): rasional fungsi yang beratnya, nilai-nilai dan melekat sesuai dengan hal-hal. Kebenaran dipandang sebagai antar subjektivitas. ("Perasaan" bukanlah hasil dari sesuatu — lebih seperti kebijaksanaan praktis, mengetahui hal yang tepat untuk dilakukan di bawah keadaan--phronesis). {Jenis perasaan memiliki fungsi berpikir terbelakang.} a. Extroverted: (1) hubungan pribadi penting; jenis perasaan extraverted baik disesuaikan dengan lingkungan. (2) kebijaksanaan atau pesona jenis ini membuat kehidupan sosial dan keluarga mungkin. (3) misalnya, hostes, diplomat, Menteri. b. introvert (1) jenis dapat muncul terlalu asli. kadang-kadang mereka unadaptable; tapi bisa menjadi teman-teman yang terus-menerus dan dapat diandalkan. (2) mereka mungkin tampak dingin; tetapi "air masih menjalankan mendalam;" mereka memiliki banyak simpati dan pengertian untuk teman-teman intim (3) karakteristik lain termasuk agama, musik, dan kadang-kadang mampu pengorbanan diri yang fantastis. (4) misalnya, penulis, dokter, perawat, psikolog, dramatis. 3. sensasi (kebanyakan laki-laki): penekanan pada persepsi melalui indera (cara Amerika hidup.) {Jenis sensasi biasanya memiliki fungsi terbelakang intuisi.} a. ekstrover: penekanan pada objek. (1) jenis kadang-kadang dikatakan "kehilangan" di dunia; mereka mengambil segala sesuatu seperti itu datang dan pengalaman segala sesuatu seperti itu, tidak lebih, tidak kurang. (2) mereka cenderung tenang, mudah, jolly, tidak rasional, atau (3) mereka mencari tindakan, efisiensi, kekuasaan dan prestise (4) misalnya, politisi, pemimpin, militer, pencari kesenangan. b. introvert: penekanan pada sensasi. (1) mereka sensitif dan imajinatif. (2) jenis introver sensasi kadang-kadang sulit untuk mengerti; karena mereka kewalahan oleh tayangan — mereka melihat hal-hal yang tidak ada, misalnya, grills berapi-api naga sebagai wajah di mobil. (3) misalnya, insinyur, seniman, musisi. (4) intuisi: (intuisi melalui alam bawah sadar) mengatakan kemungkinan masa depan dan memberikan informasi atmosfer yang mengelilingi pengalaman. Definisi fungsi ini: persepsi realitas yang tidak diketahui untuk kesadaran dan yang pergi melalui bawah sadar. {Tipe intuitif biasanya memiliki fungsi berkembang sensasi.} a. Extroverted (1) They dislike safe, familiar, or well-established things. (2) They often have the capacity to inspire in hopelessly blocked situations. (3) They use judgment or diagnosis without an objective basis. They are often effective in new situations where there is no established way to deal with those situations. (4) When mistaken, the extroverted intuitive type can lead many people to ruin. (5) E.g., traveler, temporary leader. b. Introverted: (1) This type often sees visions and is creative. (2) They squander resources and tend to be creative, artistic, or poetic.(3). E.g., mystics, poets.II. If we concur that Jung's theory is useful, then a naturalistic theory can be developed in accordance with nature of our personalities. A naturalistic theory along these lines is also one of the development of our peculiar capacities.