- Teks
- Sejarah
ELECTRICAL MACHINES ANDAPPLIANCESTh
ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND
APPLIANCES
Theory
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
Higher Secondary - Second Year
A Publication under
Government of Tamilnadu
Distribution of Free Textbook Programme
(NOT FOR SALE)
Untouchability is a Sin
Untouchability is a Crime
Untouchability is Inhuman
TAMIL NADU
TEXTBOOK CORPORATION
College Road, Chennai - 600 006.
Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition – 2011
CHAIRPERSON
Dr. J. KANAKARAJ
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
COIMBATORE – 641 004
AUTHORS
Ms. A. Sumathi Mr.R. Krishnakumar
Associate Professor Assistant Professor(Senior Grade)
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.
PSG College of Technology PSG College of Technology
Coimbatore – 641 004 Coimbatore – 641 004
Mr P. Balasubramanian Mr.K.S. Sampath Nagarajan
Vocational Instructor (Spl. Grade) Vocational Instructor (Spl. Grade)
Municipal Boys Hr.Sec School Govt. Hr.Sec School
Pollachi - 642 001 Parava kottai - 614 015
Coimbatore District. Thiruvarur District.
This book has been prepared by the Directorate of School Education on behalf of the
Government of Tamilnadu
This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M. Paper
Printed by Offset of:
ii
HIGHER SECONDARY – VOCATIONAL COURSE
ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES
SECOND YEAR – THEORY SYLLABUS
1. Winding Insulating Materials
Introduction – Electrical properties – Classification – Characteristics – Application areas insulation
materials – plastics – insulating varnishes - Types of Insulating varnishes
2. Winding Wire
Introduction – Properties – Characteristics – Choice of Conductor material – Enamelled wire –
Grades – Properties – Types & shapes of winding wires – Gauge plate
3. Details of winding
Coil details – shapes of slot – slot insulation – coil formation – Stator (stationary) winding –
Rotor (rotating) winding – DC Armature winding - Lap winding – wave winding – whole coil
winding – half coil winding – concentrated winding – distributed winding - single layer winding –
double layer winding – single phase winding – three phase winding – concentric winding –
chain winding.
4. Development of winding – AC machines
Single phase windings – Lap winding – wave winding – concentric winding – Three phase
winding – single layer winding – double layer winding.
5. Development of winding – DC machines
General procedure – Double Layer simplex Lap winding – Double layer duplex Lap winding –
Double Layer simplex wave winding.
6. Rewinding and Testing of Electric Motors
Methods of Rewinding – Testing the new winding – Testing of Armature – Insulation resistance
test - Growler test - Drop test.
7. Instruments and Testing
Introduction – Voltage tester screwdriver – Continuing Test – Insulation test – Measurement of
Power for DC & AC Circuits.
8. Electrical Cooking Appliances
Introduction – Types – Construction – Electric Toaster – Types – Automatic and Non-Automatic.
9. Electric Iron Box
Types – Non-Automatic – Automatic – Construction and Working – Comparision – Trouble
Shooting – Steam Iron Box.
iii
10. Water Heaters & Coffee makers
Water Heater – Function – Types – Electric Kettle – Immersion water heater – Construction
and working – storage water heaters – Non pressure type – pressure type – construction and
working – repairs & remedies – Coffee maker – types – construction and working of percolator
type.
11. Electric Mixer & Egg beaters
Electric Maker – Function – Construction – General Operating Instruction – Caution – Cleaning
– Repairs and Remedies – Egg beaters – Hand operated crank type – Electric type – Construction.
12. Vacuum Cleaner and washing machine
Vacuum Cleaner – Function – Principle – Main components – features – types - working –
accessories - Filters – Repairing.
Washing Machine – Function – Types – Semi and Fully Automatic – Top and Front loading –
washing technique – working cycle – construction and working of washing machine – comparison
of Top and front loading machines – Problems and Remedies.
13. Electric Fan & Hair Drier
Electric Fan – Function – Terminology – Construction and Working of Ceiling & table fans –
Exhaust Fan – General Fault and Remedy.
Hair Drier – Function – Types – Construction and working – safety features – repairs & remedies.
14. Centrifugal Pump :
Introduction – Constructional features – working – friction lead – static suction head – static
delivery lead –automatic operation of pump – Trouble shooting.
15. Maintenance of Rotating Machines
Introduction – Types of maintenance – preventive maintenance schedule – Fitting and removing
of a bearing - Maintenance of bearing – Balancing – Preventive maintenance of electric
equipments – General procedure for overhaul of motors – Maintenance of AC Motors ––
Insulation resistance of a motor - Defects in brushes, brush gear - Trouble shooting chart –
defects in commutator – Degreasing – Varnish application - Vacuum Impregnation.
16. Maintenance of Transformers :
Introduction – Action taken for rise in oil temperatures and falling of oil level – methods of drying
out of transformers – Time of drying out operation - Qualities for Transformer oil – methods of
purifying and drying out of transformer oil – Checking of dielectric strength of transformer oil –
action taken for transformer failure - periodical overhaul.
iv
CONTENTS
1. Winding Insulating Materials 1
2. Winding wire 15
3. Details of winding 24
4. Development of Winding - AC machines 36
5. Development of Winding - DC machines 64
6. Rewinding and Testing of Electric motors 75
7. Instruments and Testing 89
8. Electrical Cooking Appliances 97
9. Electric Iron Box 102
10. Water Heaters and Coffee Makers 109
11. Electric mixer and Egg Beaters 118
12. Vacuum cleaner and Washing machines 124
13. Electric Fan and Electric hair drier 138
14. Centrifugal Pump 152
15. Maintenance of Roatating machines 160
16. Maintenance of Transformers 179
Page No.
v
1
1. WINDING INSULATING MATERIALS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The Electrical insulating materials are defined as materials which offer a very large resistance
to flow of current, and for that reason they are used to keep the current in its proper path along
the conductor. This is evident when we touch an electric machine when it is under operation.
We don’t receive any electric shocks, because of the insulation. Breakdown of insulation results
in short circuiting of the coils, causing electric currents to flow in unintended paths. This may
also cause, electric shocks to humans operating the machinery and also damage the machines.
Requirements of a good insulating materials involve physical properties, reliability, cost,
availability, adaptability to machining operations etc. Electrical insulation and dielectric materials
includes various forms of materials that surround and protect electrical conductors and prevent
unwanted current flow, leakage. Electrical specifications include electrical resistivity, dielectric
strength, and dielectric constant.
1.2 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
Electrical Resistivity : It is the electrical resistance (ohm-cm) to the flow of current through it.
Its value should be very high. Resistivity is the inverse of conductivity.
Dielectric Strength : Dielectric strength is the maximum voltage gradient that the material can
withstand before electrical breakdown occurs. This value specified as ‘kV/mm’ should be very
high even for very thin films.
1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF INSULATING MATERIALS : The insulating materials are classified
in the following two ways : 1. Classification according to substances and materials.
2. Classification according to temperature.
Classification according to substances and materials :
(i) Solid Insulating Materials [Inorganic and organic]
Mica, wood, slate, glass, porcelain, rubber, cotton, silk, rayon, terylene, paper and
cellulose materials etc.
(ii) Liquid Insulating Materials [Oils and Varnishes]
Refined hydrocarbon minerals oils, Linseed oil, spirit and synthetic varnishes, etc.
(iii) Gaseous Insulating Materials
Dry air, carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen, etc.
Classification according to temperature : The insulating materials are classified mainly based
on the thermal limit. The performance of the insulation depends on its operating temperature.
The higher the temperature, the higher will be the rate of its chemical degrading, and hence the
lower will be its useful life as shown in fig.1.1. If a reasonably long life of insulation is expected,
its operating temperature must be maintained low. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the
limits of temperature for the insulation, which will ensure safe operation over its expected life.
2
Thus the insulating materials are grouped into different classes Y, A, B, and C with
temperature limits of 900 C, 1050
C and 1300C for the first three classes and no specific limit
fixed for class C. Class Y and A cover the various organic materials without and with impregnation
respectively, while classes B and C cover inorganic materials, respectively with and without a
binder. With the existence of newer insulating materials, namely, the plastics and silicones,
during the middle of this century, a need was felt to reorganize the classification of the insulating
materials. This calssification is shown in fig.1.2. This led IEC (International Electro technical
Commission) to come up with the new categories:
Class Y : 900
C: Paper, cotton, silk, natural rubber, polyvinyl chloride, etc. without impregnation.
(formerly O)
Class A : 1050
C: Same as class Y but impregnated, plus nylon.
Class E : 1200
C: Polyethylene terephthalate (terylene fibre, melinex film), cellulose triacetate,
polyvinyl acetate enamel.
Class B : 1300
C: Mica, fiberglass (alkali free alumino borosilicate), bituminized asbestos,
bakelite, polyester enamel.
Class F : 1550 C: As class B but with alkyd and epoxy based resins, polyurethane.
Class H : 1800
C: As clas
APPLIANCES
Theory
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
Higher Secondary - Second Year
A Publication under
Government of Tamilnadu
Distribution of Free Textbook Programme
(NOT FOR SALE)
Untouchability is a Sin
Untouchability is a Crime
Untouchability is Inhuman
TAMIL NADU
TEXTBOOK CORPORATION
College Road, Chennai - 600 006.
Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition – 2011
CHAIRPERSON
Dr. J. KANAKARAJ
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
COIMBATORE – 641 004
AUTHORS
Ms. A. Sumathi Mr.R. Krishnakumar
Associate Professor Assistant Professor(Senior Grade)
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.
PSG College of Technology PSG College of Technology
Coimbatore – 641 004 Coimbatore – 641 004
Mr P. Balasubramanian Mr.K.S. Sampath Nagarajan
Vocational Instructor (Spl. Grade) Vocational Instructor (Spl. Grade)
Municipal Boys Hr.Sec School Govt. Hr.Sec School
Pollachi - 642 001 Parava kottai - 614 015
Coimbatore District. Thiruvarur District.
This book has been prepared by the Directorate of School Education on behalf of the
Government of Tamilnadu
This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M. Paper
Printed by Offset of:
ii
HIGHER SECONDARY – VOCATIONAL COURSE
ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES
SECOND YEAR – THEORY SYLLABUS
1. Winding Insulating Materials
Introduction – Electrical properties – Classification – Characteristics – Application areas insulation
materials – plastics – insulating varnishes - Types of Insulating varnishes
2. Winding Wire
Introduction – Properties – Characteristics – Choice of Conductor material – Enamelled wire –
Grades – Properties – Types & shapes of winding wires – Gauge plate
3. Details of winding
Coil details – shapes of slot – slot insulation – coil formation – Stator (stationary) winding –
Rotor (rotating) winding – DC Armature winding - Lap winding – wave winding – whole coil
winding – half coil winding – concentrated winding – distributed winding - single layer winding –
double layer winding – single phase winding – three phase winding – concentric winding –
chain winding.
4. Development of winding – AC machines
Single phase windings – Lap winding – wave winding – concentric winding – Three phase
winding – single layer winding – double layer winding.
5. Development of winding – DC machines
General procedure – Double Layer simplex Lap winding – Double layer duplex Lap winding –
Double Layer simplex wave winding.
6. Rewinding and Testing of Electric Motors
Methods of Rewinding – Testing the new winding – Testing of Armature – Insulation resistance
test - Growler test - Drop test.
7. Instruments and Testing
Introduction – Voltage tester screwdriver – Continuing Test – Insulation test – Measurement of
Power for DC & AC Circuits.
8. Electrical Cooking Appliances
Introduction – Types – Construction – Electric Toaster – Types – Automatic and Non-Automatic.
9. Electric Iron Box
Types – Non-Automatic – Automatic – Construction and Working – Comparision – Trouble
Shooting – Steam Iron Box.
iii
10. Water Heaters & Coffee makers
Water Heater – Function – Types – Electric Kettle – Immersion water heater – Construction
and working – storage water heaters – Non pressure type – pressure type – construction and
working – repairs & remedies – Coffee maker – types – construction and working of percolator
type.
11. Electric Mixer & Egg beaters
Electric Maker – Function – Construction – General Operating Instruction – Caution – Cleaning
– Repairs and Remedies – Egg beaters – Hand operated crank type – Electric type – Construction.
12. Vacuum Cleaner and washing machine
Vacuum Cleaner – Function – Principle – Main components – features – types - working –
accessories - Filters – Repairing.
Washing Machine – Function – Types – Semi and Fully Automatic – Top and Front loading –
washing technique – working cycle – construction and working of washing machine – comparison
of Top and front loading machines – Problems and Remedies.
13. Electric Fan & Hair Drier
Electric Fan – Function – Terminology – Construction and Working of Ceiling & table fans –
Exhaust Fan – General Fault and Remedy.
Hair Drier – Function – Types – Construction and working – safety features – repairs & remedies.
14. Centrifugal Pump :
Introduction – Constructional features – working – friction lead – static suction head – static
delivery lead –automatic operation of pump – Trouble shooting.
15. Maintenance of Rotating Machines
Introduction – Types of maintenance – preventive maintenance schedule – Fitting and removing
of a bearing - Maintenance of bearing – Balancing – Preventive maintenance of electric
equipments – General procedure for overhaul of motors – Maintenance of AC Motors ––
Insulation resistance of a motor - Defects in brushes, brush gear - Trouble shooting chart –
defects in commutator – Degreasing – Varnish application - Vacuum Impregnation.
16. Maintenance of Transformers :
Introduction – Action taken for rise in oil temperatures and falling of oil level – methods of drying
out of transformers – Time of drying out operation - Qualities for Transformer oil – methods of
purifying and drying out of transformer oil – Checking of dielectric strength of transformer oil –
action taken for transformer failure - periodical overhaul.
iv
CONTENTS
1. Winding Insulating Materials 1
2. Winding wire 15
3. Details of winding 24
4. Development of Winding - AC machines 36
5. Development of Winding - DC machines 64
6. Rewinding and Testing of Electric motors 75
7. Instruments and Testing 89
8. Electrical Cooking Appliances 97
9. Electric Iron Box 102
10. Water Heaters and Coffee Makers 109
11. Electric mixer and Egg Beaters 118
12. Vacuum cleaner and Washing machines 124
13. Electric Fan and Electric hair drier 138
14. Centrifugal Pump 152
15. Maintenance of Roatating machines 160
16. Maintenance of Transformers 179
Page No.
v
1
1. WINDING INSULATING MATERIALS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The Electrical insulating materials are defined as materials which offer a very large resistance
to flow of current, and for that reason they are used to keep the current in its proper path along
the conductor. This is evident when we touch an electric machine when it is under operation.
We don’t receive any electric shocks, because of the insulation. Breakdown of insulation results
in short circuiting of the coils, causing electric currents to flow in unintended paths. This may
also cause, electric shocks to humans operating the machinery and also damage the machines.
Requirements of a good insulating materials involve physical properties, reliability, cost,
availability, adaptability to machining operations etc. Electrical insulation and dielectric materials
includes various forms of materials that surround and protect electrical conductors and prevent
unwanted current flow, leakage. Electrical specifications include electrical resistivity, dielectric
strength, and dielectric constant.
1.2 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
Electrical Resistivity : It is the electrical resistance (ohm-cm) to the flow of current through it.
Its value should be very high. Resistivity is the inverse of conductivity.
Dielectric Strength : Dielectric strength is the maximum voltage gradient that the material can
withstand before electrical breakdown occurs. This value specified as ‘kV/mm’ should be very
high even for very thin films.
1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF INSULATING MATERIALS : The insulating materials are classified
in the following two ways : 1. Classification according to substances and materials.
2. Classification according to temperature.
Classification according to substances and materials :
(i) Solid Insulating Materials [Inorganic and organic]
Mica, wood, slate, glass, porcelain, rubber, cotton, silk, rayon, terylene, paper and
cellulose materials etc.
(ii) Liquid Insulating Materials [Oils and Varnishes]
Refined hydrocarbon minerals oils, Linseed oil, spirit and synthetic varnishes, etc.
(iii) Gaseous Insulating Materials
Dry air, carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen, etc.
Classification according to temperature : The insulating materials are classified mainly based
on the thermal limit. The performance of the insulation depends on its operating temperature.
The higher the temperature, the higher will be the rate of its chemical degrading, and hence the
lower will be its useful life as shown in fig.1.1. If a reasonably long life of insulation is expected,
its operating temperature must be maintained low. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the
limits of temperature for the insulation, which will ensure safe operation over its expected life.
2
Thus the insulating materials are grouped into different classes Y, A, B, and C with
temperature limits of 900 C, 1050
C and 1300C for the first three classes and no specific limit
fixed for class C. Class Y and A cover the various organic materials without and with impregnation
respectively, while classes B and C cover inorganic materials, respectively with and without a
binder. With the existence of newer insulating materials, namely, the plastics and silicones,
during the middle of this century, a need was felt to reorganize the classification of the insulating
materials. This calssification is shown in fig.1.2. This led IEC (International Electro technical
Commission) to come up with the new categories:
Class Y : 900
C: Paper, cotton, silk, natural rubber, polyvinyl chloride, etc. without impregnation.
(formerly O)
Class A : 1050
C: Same as class Y but impregnated, plus nylon.
Class E : 1200
C: Polyethylene terephthalate (terylene fibre, melinex film), cellulose triacetate,
polyvinyl acetate enamel.
Class B : 1300
C: Mica, fiberglass (alkali free alumino borosilicate), bituminized asbestos,
bakelite, polyester enamel.
Class F : 1550 C: As class B but with alkyd and epoxy based resins, polyurethane.
Class H : 1800
C: As clas
0/5000
ELECTRICAL MACHINES ANDAPPLIANCESTheoryVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONHigher Secondary - Second YearA Publication underGovernment of TamilnaduDistribution of Free Textbook Programme(NOT FOR SALE)Untouchability is a SinUntouchability is a CrimeUntouchability is InhumanTAMIL NADUTEXTBOOK CORPORATIONCollege Road, Chennai - 600 006.Government of TamilnaduFirst Edition – 2011CHAIRPERSONDr. J. KANAKARAJASSOCIATE PROFESSORDEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERINGPSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGYCOIMBATORE – 641 004AUTHORSMs. A. Sumathi Mr.R. KrishnakumarAssociate Professor Assistant Professor(Senior Grade)Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.PSG College of Technology PSG College of TechnologyCoimbatore – 641 004 Coimbatore – 641 004Mr P. Balasubramanian Mr.K.S. Sampath NagarajanVocational Instructor (Spl. Grade) Vocational Instructor (Spl. Grade)Municipal Boys Hr.Sec School Govt. Hr.Sec SchoolPollachi - 642 001 Parava kottai - 614 015Coimbatore District. Thiruvarur District.This book has been prepared by the Directorate of School Education on behalf of theGovernment of TamilnaduThis book has been printed on 60 G.S.M. PaperPrinted by Offset of:iiHIGHER SECONDARY – VOCATIONAL COURSEELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCESSECOND YEAR – THEORY SYLLABUS1. Winding Insulating MaterialsIntroduction – Electrical properties – Classification – Characteristics – Application areas insulationmaterials – plastics – insulating varnishes - Types of Insulating varnishes2. Winding WireIntroduction – Properties – Characteristics – Choice of Conductor material – Enamelled wire –Grades – Properties – Types & shapes of winding wires – Gauge plate3. Details of windingCoil details – shapes of slot – slot insulation – coil formation – Stator (stationary) winding –Rotor (rotating) winding – DC Armature winding - Lap winding – wave winding – whole coilwinding – half coil winding – concentrated winding – distributed winding - single layer winding –double layer winding – single phase winding – three phase winding – concentric winding –chain winding.4. Development of winding – AC machinesSingle phase windings – Lap winding – wave winding – concentric winding – Three phasewinding – single layer winding – double layer winding.5. Development of winding – DC machinesGeneral procedure – Double Layer simplex Lap winding – Double layer duplex Lap winding –Double Layer simplex wave winding.6. Rewinding and Testing of Electric MotorsMethods of Rewinding – Testing the new winding – Testing of Armature – Insulation resistancetest - Growler test - Drop test.7. Instruments and TestingIntroduction – Voltage tester screwdriver – Continuing Test – Insulation test – Measurement ofPower for DC & AC Circuits.8. Electrical Cooking AppliancesIntroduction – Types – Construction – Electric Toaster – Types – Automatic and Non-Automatic.9. Electric Iron BoxTypes – Non-Automatic – Automatic – Construction and Working – Comparision – TroubleShooting – Steam Iron Box.iii10. Water Heaters & Coffee makersWater Heater – Function – Types – Electric Kettle – Immersion water heater – Constructionand working – storage water heaters – Non pressure type – pressure type – construction andworking – repairs & remedies – Coffee maker – types – construction and working of percolatortype.11. Electric Mixer & Egg beatersElectric Maker – Function – Construction – General Operating Instruction – Caution – Cleaning– Repairs and Remedies – Egg beaters – Hand operated crank type – Electric type – Construction.12. Vacuum Cleaner and washing machineVacuum Cleaner – Function – Principle – Main components – features – types - working –accessories - Filters – Repairing.Washing Machine – Function – Types – Semi and Fully Automatic – Top and Front loading –washing technique – working cycle – construction and working of washing machine – comparisonof Top and front loading machines – Problems and Remedies.13. Electric Fan & Hair DrierElectric Fan – Function – Terminology – Construction and Working of Ceiling & table fans –Exhaust Fan – General Fault and Remedy.Hair Drier – Function – Types – Construction and working – safety features – repairs & remedies.14. Centrifugal Pump :Introduction – Constructional features – working – friction lead – static suction head – staticdelivery lead –automatic operation of pump – Trouble shooting.15. Maintenance of Rotating MachinesIntroduction – Types of maintenance – preventive maintenance schedule – Fitting and removingof a bearing - Maintenance of bearing – Balancing – Preventive maintenance of electricequipments – General procedure for overhaul of motors – Maintenance of AC Motors ––Insulation resistance of a motor - Defects in brushes, brush gear - Trouble shooting chart –defects in commutator – Degreasing – Varnish application - Vacuum Impregnation.16. Maintenance of Transformers :Introduction – Action taken for rise in oil temperatures and falling of oil level – methods of dryingout of transformers – Time of drying out operation - Qualities for Transformer oil – methods ofpurifying and drying out of transformer oil – Checking of dielectric strength of transformer oil –action taken for transformer failure - periodical overhaul.ivCONTENTS1. Winding Insulating Materials 12. Winding wire 153. Details of winding 244. Development of Winding - AC machines 365. Development of Winding - DC machines 646. Rewinding and Testing of Electric motors 757. Instruments and Testing 898. Electrical Cooking Appliances 979. Electric Iron Box 10210. Water Heaters and Coffee Makers 10911. Electric mixer and Egg Beaters 11812. Vacuum cleaner and Washing machines 12413. Electric Fan and Electric hair drier 13814. Centrifugal Pump 15215. Maintenance of Roatating machines 16016. Maintenance of Transformers 179Page No.v11. WINDING INSULATING MATERIALS1.1 INTRODUCTIONThe Electrical insulating materials are defined as materials which offer a very large resistanceto flow of current, and for that reason they are used to keep the current in its proper path alongthe conductor. This is evident when we touch an electric machine when it is under operation.We don’t receive any electric shocks, because of the insulation. Breakdown of insulation resultsin short circuiting of the coils, causing electric currents to flow in unintended paths. This mayalso cause, electric shocks to humans operating the machinery and also damage the machines.Requirements of a good insulating materials involve physical properties, reliability, cost,availability, adaptability to machining operations etc. Electrical insulation and dielectric materialsincludes various forms of materials that surround and protect electrical conductors and preventunwanted current flow, leakage. Electrical specifications include electrical resistivity, dielectricstrength, and dielectric constant.
1.2 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
Electrical Resistivity : It is the electrical resistance (ohm-cm) to the flow of current through it.
Its value should be very high. Resistivity is the inverse of conductivity.
Dielectric Strength : Dielectric strength is the maximum voltage gradient that the material can
withstand before electrical breakdown occurs. This value specified as ‘kV/mm’ should be very
high even for very thin films.
1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF INSULATING MATERIALS : The insulating materials are classified
in the following two ways : 1. Classification according to substances and materials.
2. Classification according to temperature.
Classification according to substances and materials :
(i) Solid Insulating Materials [Inorganic and organic]
Mica, wood, slate, glass, porcelain, rubber, cotton, silk, rayon, terylene, paper and
cellulose materials etc.
(ii) Liquid Insulating Materials [Oils and Varnishes]
Refined hydrocarbon minerals oils, Linseed oil, spirit and synthetic varnishes, etc.
(iii) Gaseous Insulating Materials
Dry air, carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen, etc.
Classification according to temperature : The insulating materials are classified mainly based
on the thermal limit. The performance of the insulation depends on its operating temperature.
The higher the temperature, the higher will be the rate of its chemical degrading, and hence the
lower will be its useful life as shown in fig.1.1. If a reasonably long life of insulation is expected,
its operating temperature must be maintained low. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the
limits of temperature for the insulation, which will ensure safe operation over its expected life.
2
Thus the insulating materials are grouped into different classes Y, A, B, and C with
temperature limits of 900 C, 1050
C and 1300C for the first three classes and no specific limit
fixed for class C. Class Y and A cover the various organic materials without and with impregnation
respectively, while classes B and C cover inorganic materials, respectively with and without a
binder. With the existence of newer insulating materials, namely, the plastics and silicones,
during the middle of this century, a need was felt to reorganize the classification of the insulating
materials. This calssification is shown in fig.1.2. This led IEC (International Electro technical
Commission) to come up with the new categories:
Class Y : 900
C: Paper, cotton, silk, natural rubber, polyvinyl chloride, etc. without impregnation.
(formerly O)
Class A : 1050
C: Same as class Y but impregnated, plus nylon.
Class E : 1200
C: Polyethylene terephthalate (terylene fibre, melinex film), cellulose triacetate,
polyvinyl acetate enamel.
Class B : 1300
C: Mica, fiberglass (alkali free alumino borosilicate), bituminized asbestos,
bakelite, polyester enamel.
Class F : 1550 C: As class B but with alkyd and epoxy based resins, polyurethane.
Class H : 1800
C: As clas
1.2 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
Electrical Resistivity : It is the electrical resistance (ohm-cm) to the flow of current through it.
Its value should be very high. Resistivity is the inverse of conductivity.
Dielectric Strength : Dielectric strength is the maximum voltage gradient that the material can
withstand before electrical breakdown occurs. This value specified as ‘kV/mm’ should be very
high even for very thin films.
1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF INSULATING MATERIALS : The insulating materials are classified
in the following two ways : 1. Classification according to substances and materials.
2. Classification according to temperature.
Classification according to substances and materials :
(i) Solid Insulating Materials [Inorganic and organic]
Mica, wood, slate, glass, porcelain, rubber, cotton, silk, rayon, terylene, paper and
cellulose materials etc.
(ii) Liquid Insulating Materials [Oils and Varnishes]
Refined hydrocarbon minerals oils, Linseed oil, spirit and synthetic varnishes, etc.
(iii) Gaseous Insulating Materials
Dry air, carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen, etc.
Classification according to temperature : The insulating materials are classified mainly based
on the thermal limit. The performance of the insulation depends on its operating temperature.
The higher the temperature, the higher will be the rate of its chemical degrading, and hence the
lower will be its useful life as shown in fig.1.1. If a reasonably long life of insulation is expected,
its operating temperature must be maintained low. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the
limits of temperature for the insulation, which will ensure safe operation over its expected life.
2
Thus the insulating materials are grouped into different classes Y, A, B, and C with
temperature limits of 900 C, 1050
C and 1300C for the first three classes and no specific limit
fixed for class C. Class Y and A cover the various organic materials without and with impregnation
respectively, while classes B and C cover inorganic materials, respectively with and without a
binder. With the existence of newer insulating materials, namely, the plastics and silicones,
during the middle of this century, a need was felt to reorganize the classification of the insulating
materials. This calssification is shown in fig.1.2. This led IEC (International Electro technical
Commission) to come up with the new categories:
Class Y : 900
C: Paper, cotton, silk, natural rubber, polyvinyl chloride, etc. without impregnation.
(formerly O)
Class A : 1050
C: Same as class Y but impregnated, plus nylon.
Class E : 1200
C: Polyethylene terephthalate (terylene fibre, melinex film), cellulose triacetate,
polyvinyl acetate enamel.
Class B : 1300
C: Mica, fiberglass (alkali free alumino borosilicate), bituminized asbestos,
bakelite, polyester enamel.
Class F : 1550 C: As class B but with alkyd and epoxy based resins, polyurethane.
Class H : 1800
C: As clas
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
MESIN LISTRIK DAN
PERALATAN
Teori
KEJURUAN PENDIDIKAN
Menengah Tinggi - Tahun Kedua
Publikasi di bawah
Pemerintah Tamilnadu
Distribusi Gratis Textbook Program
(NOT FOR SALE)
Kasta adalah Sin
Kasta adalah Kejahatan
Kasta adalah Manusiawi
TAMIL NADU
BUKU PELAJARAN CORPORATION
College Road, Chennai - 600 006 .
Pemerintah Tamilnadu
Edisi Pertama - 2011
KETUA
Dr. J. KANAKARAJ
ASOSIASI PROFESSOR
DEPT. LISTRIK & ELECTRONICS TEKNIK
PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
COIMBATORE - 641 004
PENULIS
Ms. A. Sumathi Mr.R. Krishnakumar
Associate Professor Asisten Profesor (Senior Grade)
Dept. Listrik & Elektronik Engg. Departemen Listrik & Elektronik Engg.
PSG College of Technology PSG College of Technology
Coimbatore - 641 004 Coimbatore - 641 004
Mr P. Balasubramanian Mr.KS Sampath Nagarajan
SMK Instructor (Spl Grade.) Instruktur Kejuruan (Spl Grade.)
Municipal Anak laki-laki Hr .Sec Sekolah Pemerintah. Hr.Sec Sekolah
Pollachi - 642 001 Parava kottai - 614 015
Coimbatore District. . Thiruvarur District
Buku ini telah disiapkan oleh Direktorat Pendidikan Sekolah atas nama
Pemerintah Tamilnadu
Buku ini telah dicetak pada 60 GSM Kertas
Dicetak oleh Offset dari:
ii
SEKUNDER TINGGI - KEJURUAN KURSUS
LISTRIK MESIN DAN PERALATAN
TAHUN KEDUA - TEORI SILABUS
1. Berliku Bahan isolasi
Pendahuluan - sifat listrik - klasifikasi - Karakteristik - Aplikasi bidang isolasi
bahan - plastik - isolasi pernis - Jenis isolasi pernis
2. Berliku Kawat
Pendahuluan - Properties - Karakteristik - Pilihan bahan Konduktor - kawat dienamel -
Kelas - Properti - Jenis & bentuk berliku kabel - Gauge piring
3. Rincian berliku
Coil rincian - bentuk slot - isolasi Slot - pembentukan coil - Stator (stasioner) berliku -
Rotor (berputar) yang berkelok-kelok - DC Angker berliku - Lap berliku - gelombang berliku - Seluruh kumparan
berliku - setengah kumparan berliku - terkonsentrasi berliku - didistribusikan berliku - single layer berliku -
lapisan ganda berliku - fase tunggal berliku - tiga fase berliku - konsentris berliku
-. rantai berliku
4. Pengembangan berliku - mesin AC
single phase gulungan - Lap berliku - gelombang berliku - konsentris berliku - Tiga fase
berliku - lapisan tunggal berkelok-kelok -. Lapisan ganda berliku
5. Pengembangan berliku - mesin DC
prosedur Umum - Double Layer simpleks Lap berliku - Double Lap lapisan duplex berliku
-. Dua gelombang Lapisan simpleks berliku
6. Memutar dan Pengujian Motor Listrik
Metode Rewinding - Menguji baru berliku - Pengujian Angker - resistensi Isolasi
uji - uji Growler - Jatuhkan tes.
7. Instrumen dan Pengujian
Pendahuluan - Tegangan tester obeng - Melanjutkan Uji - Uji Isolasi -
Pengukuran. Daya untuk DC & AC Sirkuit
8. Listrik Memasak Appliances
Pengantar - Jenis - Konstruksi - Toaster listrik - Jenis -. Otomatis dan Non-otomatis
9. Listrik Besi Box
Jenis - Non-otomatis - otomatis - Konstruksi dan Kerja - perbandingan - Masalah
Shooting -. Steam Iron Box
iii
10. Pemanas Air & Coffee pembuat
Water Heater - Fungsi - Jenis - Electric Kettle - pemanas air Immersion - Konstruksi
dan bekerja - pemanas air penyimpanan - Jenis Non tekanan - tekanan jenis - konstruksi dan
kerja - perbaikan & obat - Mesin pembuat kopi - jenis - konstruksi dan bekerja dari cerek penapis
jenis.
11. Listrik Mixer & Egg Beater
listrik Maker - Fungsi - Konstruksi - Umum Instruksi Operasi - Perhatian - Pembersihan
- Perbaikan dan remedies - kocokan telur - Tangan dioperasikan Jenis engkol - listrik jenis -. Konstruksi
12. Vacuum Cleaner dan mesin cuci
Vacuum Cleaner - Fungsi - Prinsip - komponen utama - fitur - jenis - kerja -
aksesoris - Filter -. Perbaikan
Mesin cuci - Fungsi - Jenis - Semi dan Fully Automatic - Top dan Front loading -
teknik cuci - siklus kerja - konstruksi dan kerja mesin cuci - perbandingan
dari Top dan mesin front loading -. Masalah dan remedies
13. Listrik Fan & Hair Drier
listrik Fan - Fungsi - Terminologi - Konstruksi dan Kerja Ceiling & meja penggemar -
Exhaust Fan - General kesalahan dan Remedy.
Rambut kering - Fungsi - Jenis - Konstruksi dan bekerja - fitur keselamatan -. Perbaikan & obat
14. Centrifugal Pump:
Pendahuluan - Konstruksi fitur - kerja - gesekan memimpin - kepala hisap statis - statis
pengiriman memimpin operasi-otomatis pompa - Trouble shooting.
15. Pemeliharaan Rotating Mesin
Pengantar - Jenis perawatan - jadwal preventif maintenance - Fitting dan menghapus
bantalan sebuah - pemeliharaan bantalan - Balancing - pemeliharaan Pencegahan listrik
peralatan - Prosedur Umum untuk perbaikan motor - Pemeliharaan AC Motors -
resistensi Isolasi dari Motor - Cacat pada kuas, sikat gigi - grafik Trouble shooting -
cacat pada komutator - aplikasi Varnish - - Degreasing. Vacuum Impregnasi
16. Pemeliharaan Transformers:
Pendahuluan - Tindakan yang diambil untuk kenaikan suhu minyak dan jatuh dari tingkat minyak - metode pengeringan
dari transformer - Waktu mengering operasi - Kualitas minyak Transformer - metode
pemurnian dan pengeringan dari minyak transformator - Pemeriksaan dielektrik kekuatan minyak transformator -
tindakan yang diambil untuk kegagalan transformator - overhaul berkala.
iv
ISI
1. Berliku Bahan isolasi 1
2. berliku kawat 15
3. Rincian berliku 24
4. Pengembangan berliku - mesin AC 36
5. Pengembangan berliku - mesin DC 64
6. Rewinding dan Pengujian Listrik motor 75
7. Instrumen dan Pengujian 89
8. Listrik Cooking Appliances 97
9. Listrik Besi Box 102
10. Pemanas Air dan kopi Makers 109
11. mixer listrik dan Egg Beater 118
12. Vacuum cleaner dan cuci mesin 124
13. Listrik Fan dan rambut kering Listrik 138
14. Centrifugal Pump 152
15. pemeliharaan mesin Roatating 160
16. Pemeliharaan Transformers 179
Halaman no
v 1 1. PEMUTAR BAHAN ISOLASI 1.1 PENDAHULUAN Listrik bahan isolasi didefinisikan sebagai bahan yang menawarkan perlawanan yang sangat besar mengalir dari saat ini, dan untuk alasan yang mereka digunakan untuk menjaga arus di jalur yang tepat di sepanjang konduktor. Hal ini terbukti ketika kita menyentuh mesin listrik ketika sedang bekerja. Kami tidak menerima kejutan listrik, karena isolasi. Rincian hasil isolasi di arus pendek dari kumparan, menyebabkan arus listrik mengalir di jalur yang tidak diinginkan. Hal ini dapat juga menyebabkan, sengatan listrik bagi manusia operasi mesin dan juga merusak mesin. Persyaratan dari bahan isolasi yang baik melibatkan sifat fisik, kehandalan, biaya, ketersediaan, kemampuan beradaptasi untuk operasi mesin dll isolasi listrik dan bahan dielectric meliputi berbagai bentuk bahan bahwa surround dan melindungi konduktor listrik dan mencegah aliran arus yang tidak diinginkan, kebocoran. Spesifikasi listrik termasuk tahanan listrik, dielektrik kekuatan, dan konstanta dielektrik. 1.2 SIFAT LISTRIK Tahanan Listrik:. Ini adalah hambatan listrik (ohm-cm) ke aliran arus melalui itu Nilainya harus sangat tinggi. Tahanan adalah kebalikan dari konduktivitas. Kekuatan Dielektrik: kekuatan dielektrik adalah gradien tegangan maksimum yang material dapat bertahan sebelum kerusakan listrik terjadi. Nilai ini ditetapkan sebagai 'kV / mm' harus sangat tinggi bahkan untuk film yang sangat tipis. 1.3 KLASIFIKASI ISOLASI BAHAN: Bahan isolasi diklasifikasikan dalam dua cara berikut:. 1. Klasifikasi menurut zat dan bahan 2. Klasifikasi menurut suhu. Klasifikasi menurut zat dan bahan: (i) Bahan isolasi [anorganik dan organik] Padat Mica, kayu, batu tulis, kaca, porselen, karet, kapas, sutra, rayon, terylene, kertas dan selulosa bahan dll ( ii) Liquid Bahan isolasi [Minyak dan Pernis] Refined minyak mineral hidrokarbon, minyak biji rami, semangat dan pernis sintetis, dll (iii) Gas Bahan isolasi kering udara, karbon dioksida, argon, nitrogen, dll Klasifikasi menurut suhu: isolasi The bahan diklasifikasikan terutama didasarkan pada batas termal. Kinerja isolasi tergantung pada suhu operasi. Semakin tinggi suhu, semakin tinggi akan tingkat merendahkan kimia, dan karenanya lebih rendah akan pakainya seperti yang ditunjukkan pada fig.1.1. Jika hidup cukup panjang isolasi diharapkan, suhu operasi harus dijaga rendah. Oleh karena itu, perlu untuk menentukan batas suhu untuk isolasi, yang akan memastikan operasi yang aman atas kehidupan yang diharapkan. 2 Jadi bahan isolasi dikelompokkan ke dalam kelas yang berbeda Y, A, B, dan C dengan batas suhu 900 C, 1050 C dan 1300C untuk pertama tiga kelas dan tidak ada batas tertentu tetap untuk kelas C. Kelas Y dan A mencakup berbagai bahan organik tanpa dan dengan impregnasi masing-masing, sementara kelas B dan C mencakup bahan anorganik, masing-masing dengan dan tanpa pengikat. Dengan adanya bahan isolasi yang lebih baru, yaitu, plastik dan silikon, selama pertengahan abad ini, dirasakan perlu untuk menata klasifikasi isolasi bahan. Calssification ini ditunjukkan pada fig.1.2. Hal ini menyebabkan IEC (International Electro teknis Komisi) untuk datang dengan kategori baru: Kelas Y: 900 C:. Paper, katun, sutra, karet alam, polyvinyl chloride, dll tanpa impregnasi (sebelumnya O) Kelas A: 1050 C: Sama seperti kelas Y tetapi diresapi, ditambah nilon. Kelas E: 1200 C: Polyethylene terephthalate (terylene serat, film Melinex), selulosa triasetat, polivinil asetat enamel. Kelas B: 1300 C: Mica, fiberglass (alkali bebas alumino borosilikat), bituminized asbes, bakelite, polyester enamel. Kelas F: 1550 C: Sebagai kelas B namun dengan alkyd dan epoxy resin berbasis, poliuretan. Kelas H: 1800 C: Sebagai clas
PERALATAN
Teori
KEJURUAN PENDIDIKAN
Menengah Tinggi - Tahun Kedua
Publikasi di bawah
Pemerintah Tamilnadu
Distribusi Gratis Textbook Program
(NOT FOR SALE)
Kasta adalah Sin
Kasta adalah Kejahatan
Kasta adalah Manusiawi
TAMIL NADU
BUKU PELAJARAN CORPORATION
College Road, Chennai - 600 006 .
Pemerintah Tamilnadu
Edisi Pertama - 2011
KETUA
Dr. J. KANAKARAJ
ASOSIASI PROFESSOR
DEPT. LISTRIK & ELECTRONICS TEKNIK
PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
COIMBATORE - 641 004
PENULIS
Ms. A. Sumathi Mr.R. Krishnakumar
Associate Professor Asisten Profesor (Senior Grade)
Dept. Listrik & Elektronik Engg. Departemen Listrik & Elektronik Engg.
PSG College of Technology PSG College of Technology
Coimbatore - 641 004 Coimbatore - 641 004
Mr P. Balasubramanian Mr.KS Sampath Nagarajan
SMK Instructor (Spl Grade.) Instruktur Kejuruan (Spl Grade.)
Municipal Anak laki-laki Hr .Sec Sekolah Pemerintah. Hr.Sec Sekolah
Pollachi - 642 001 Parava kottai - 614 015
Coimbatore District. . Thiruvarur District
Buku ini telah disiapkan oleh Direktorat Pendidikan Sekolah atas nama
Pemerintah Tamilnadu
Buku ini telah dicetak pada 60 GSM Kertas
Dicetak oleh Offset dari:
ii
SEKUNDER TINGGI - KEJURUAN KURSUS
LISTRIK MESIN DAN PERALATAN
TAHUN KEDUA - TEORI SILABUS
1. Berliku Bahan isolasi
Pendahuluan - sifat listrik - klasifikasi - Karakteristik - Aplikasi bidang isolasi
bahan - plastik - isolasi pernis - Jenis isolasi pernis
2. Berliku Kawat
Pendahuluan - Properties - Karakteristik - Pilihan bahan Konduktor - kawat dienamel -
Kelas - Properti - Jenis & bentuk berliku kabel - Gauge piring
3. Rincian berliku
Coil rincian - bentuk slot - isolasi Slot - pembentukan coil - Stator (stasioner) berliku -
Rotor (berputar) yang berkelok-kelok - DC Angker berliku - Lap berliku - gelombang berliku - Seluruh kumparan
berliku - setengah kumparan berliku - terkonsentrasi berliku - didistribusikan berliku - single layer berliku -
lapisan ganda berliku - fase tunggal berliku - tiga fase berliku - konsentris berliku
-. rantai berliku
4. Pengembangan berliku - mesin AC
single phase gulungan - Lap berliku - gelombang berliku - konsentris berliku - Tiga fase
berliku - lapisan tunggal berkelok-kelok -. Lapisan ganda berliku
5. Pengembangan berliku - mesin DC
prosedur Umum - Double Layer simpleks Lap berliku - Double Lap lapisan duplex berliku
-. Dua gelombang Lapisan simpleks berliku
6. Memutar dan Pengujian Motor Listrik
Metode Rewinding - Menguji baru berliku - Pengujian Angker - resistensi Isolasi
uji - uji Growler - Jatuhkan tes.
7. Instrumen dan Pengujian
Pendahuluan - Tegangan tester obeng - Melanjutkan Uji - Uji Isolasi -
Pengukuran. Daya untuk DC & AC Sirkuit
8. Listrik Memasak Appliances
Pengantar - Jenis - Konstruksi - Toaster listrik - Jenis -. Otomatis dan Non-otomatis
9. Listrik Besi Box
Jenis - Non-otomatis - otomatis - Konstruksi dan Kerja - perbandingan - Masalah
Shooting -. Steam Iron Box
iii
10. Pemanas Air & Coffee pembuat
Water Heater - Fungsi - Jenis - Electric Kettle - pemanas air Immersion - Konstruksi
dan bekerja - pemanas air penyimpanan - Jenis Non tekanan - tekanan jenis - konstruksi dan
kerja - perbaikan & obat - Mesin pembuat kopi - jenis - konstruksi dan bekerja dari cerek penapis
jenis.
11. Listrik Mixer & Egg Beater
listrik Maker - Fungsi - Konstruksi - Umum Instruksi Operasi - Perhatian - Pembersihan
- Perbaikan dan remedies - kocokan telur - Tangan dioperasikan Jenis engkol - listrik jenis -. Konstruksi
12. Vacuum Cleaner dan mesin cuci
Vacuum Cleaner - Fungsi - Prinsip - komponen utama - fitur - jenis - kerja -
aksesoris - Filter -. Perbaikan
Mesin cuci - Fungsi - Jenis - Semi dan Fully Automatic - Top dan Front loading -
teknik cuci - siklus kerja - konstruksi dan kerja mesin cuci - perbandingan
dari Top dan mesin front loading -. Masalah dan remedies
13. Listrik Fan & Hair Drier
listrik Fan - Fungsi - Terminologi - Konstruksi dan Kerja Ceiling & meja penggemar -
Exhaust Fan - General kesalahan dan Remedy.
Rambut kering - Fungsi - Jenis - Konstruksi dan bekerja - fitur keselamatan -. Perbaikan & obat
14. Centrifugal Pump:
Pendahuluan - Konstruksi fitur - kerja - gesekan memimpin - kepala hisap statis - statis
pengiriman memimpin operasi-otomatis pompa - Trouble shooting.
15. Pemeliharaan Rotating Mesin
Pengantar - Jenis perawatan - jadwal preventif maintenance - Fitting dan menghapus
bantalan sebuah - pemeliharaan bantalan - Balancing - pemeliharaan Pencegahan listrik
peralatan - Prosedur Umum untuk perbaikan motor - Pemeliharaan AC Motors -
resistensi Isolasi dari Motor - Cacat pada kuas, sikat gigi - grafik Trouble shooting -
cacat pada komutator - aplikasi Varnish - - Degreasing. Vacuum Impregnasi
16. Pemeliharaan Transformers:
Pendahuluan - Tindakan yang diambil untuk kenaikan suhu minyak dan jatuh dari tingkat minyak - metode pengeringan
dari transformer - Waktu mengering operasi - Kualitas minyak Transformer - metode
pemurnian dan pengeringan dari minyak transformator - Pemeriksaan dielektrik kekuatan minyak transformator -
tindakan yang diambil untuk kegagalan transformator - overhaul berkala.
iv
ISI
1. Berliku Bahan isolasi 1
2. berliku kawat 15
3. Rincian berliku 24
4. Pengembangan berliku - mesin AC 36
5. Pengembangan berliku - mesin DC 64
6. Rewinding dan Pengujian Listrik motor 75
7. Instrumen dan Pengujian 89
8. Listrik Cooking Appliances 97
9. Listrik Besi Box 102
10. Pemanas Air dan kopi Makers 109
11. mixer listrik dan Egg Beater 118
12. Vacuum cleaner dan cuci mesin 124
13. Listrik Fan dan rambut kering Listrik 138
14. Centrifugal Pump 152
15. pemeliharaan mesin Roatating 160
16. Pemeliharaan Transformers 179
Halaman no
v 1 1. PEMUTAR BAHAN ISOLASI 1.1 PENDAHULUAN Listrik bahan isolasi didefinisikan sebagai bahan yang menawarkan perlawanan yang sangat besar mengalir dari saat ini, dan untuk alasan yang mereka digunakan untuk menjaga arus di jalur yang tepat di sepanjang konduktor. Hal ini terbukti ketika kita menyentuh mesin listrik ketika sedang bekerja. Kami tidak menerima kejutan listrik, karena isolasi. Rincian hasil isolasi di arus pendek dari kumparan, menyebabkan arus listrik mengalir di jalur yang tidak diinginkan. Hal ini dapat juga menyebabkan, sengatan listrik bagi manusia operasi mesin dan juga merusak mesin. Persyaratan dari bahan isolasi yang baik melibatkan sifat fisik, kehandalan, biaya, ketersediaan, kemampuan beradaptasi untuk operasi mesin dll isolasi listrik dan bahan dielectric meliputi berbagai bentuk bahan bahwa surround dan melindungi konduktor listrik dan mencegah aliran arus yang tidak diinginkan, kebocoran. Spesifikasi listrik termasuk tahanan listrik, dielektrik kekuatan, dan konstanta dielektrik. 1.2 SIFAT LISTRIK Tahanan Listrik:. Ini adalah hambatan listrik (ohm-cm) ke aliran arus melalui itu Nilainya harus sangat tinggi. Tahanan adalah kebalikan dari konduktivitas. Kekuatan Dielektrik: kekuatan dielektrik adalah gradien tegangan maksimum yang material dapat bertahan sebelum kerusakan listrik terjadi. Nilai ini ditetapkan sebagai 'kV / mm' harus sangat tinggi bahkan untuk film yang sangat tipis. 1.3 KLASIFIKASI ISOLASI BAHAN: Bahan isolasi diklasifikasikan dalam dua cara berikut:. 1. Klasifikasi menurut zat dan bahan 2. Klasifikasi menurut suhu. Klasifikasi menurut zat dan bahan: (i) Bahan isolasi [anorganik dan organik] Padat Mica, kayu, batu tulis, kaca, porselen, karet, kapas, sutra, rayon, terylene, kertas dan selulosa bahan dll ( ii) Liquid Bahan isolasi [Minyak dan Pernis] Refined minyak mineral hidrokarbon, minyak biji rami, semangat dan pernis sintetis, dll (iii) Gas Bahan isolasi kering udara, karbon dioksida, argon, nitrogen, dll Klasifikasi menurut suhu: isolasi The bahan diklasifikasikan terutama didasarkan pada batas termal. Kinerja isolasi tergantung pada suhu operasi. Semakin tinggi suhu, semakin tinggi akan tingkat merendahkan kimia, dan karenanya lebih rendah akan pakainya seperti yang ditunjukkan pada fig.1.1. Jika hidup cukup panjang isolasi diharapkan, suhu operasi harus dijaga rendah. Oleh karena itu, perlu untuk menentukan batas suhu untuk isolasi, yang akan memastikan operasi yang aman atas kehidupan yang diharapkan. 2 Jadi bahan isolasi dikelompokkan ke dalam kelas yang berbeda Y, A, B, dan C dengan batas suhu 900 C, 1050 C dan 1300C untuk pertama tiga kelas dan tidak ada batas tertentu tetap untuk kelas C. Kelas Y dan A mencakup berbagai bahan organik tanpa dan dengan impregnasi masing-masing, sementara kelas B dan C mencakup bahan anorganik, masing-masing dengan dan tanpa pengikat. Dengan adanya bahan isolasi yang lebih baru, yaitu, plastik dan silikon, selama pertengahan abad ini, dirasakan perlu untuk menata klasifikasi isolasi bahan. Calssification ini ditunjukkan pada fig.1.2. Hal ini menyebabkan IEC (International Electro teknis Komisi) untuk datang dengan kategori baru: Kelas Y: 900 C:. Paper, katun, sutra, karet alam, polyvinyl chloride, dll tanpa impregnasi (sebelumnya O) Kelas A: 1050 C: Sama seperti kelas Y tetapi diresapi, ditambah nilon. Kelas E: 1200 C: Polyethylene terephthalate (terylene serat, film Melinex), selulosa triasetat, polivinil asetat enamel. Kelas B: 1300 C: Mica, fiberglass (alkali bebas alumino borosilikat), bituminized asbes, bakelite, polyester enamel. Kelas F: 1550 C: Sebagai kelas B namun dengan alkyd dan epoxy resin berbasis, poliuretan. Kelas H: 1800 C: Sebagai clas
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Bahasa lainnya
Dukungan alat penerjemahan: Afrikans, Albania, Amhara, Arab, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahasa Indonesia, Basque, Belanda, Belarussia, Bengali, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Burma, Cebuano, Ceko, Chichewa, China, Cina Tradisional, Denmark, Deteksi bahasa, Esperanto, Estonia, Farsi, Finlandia, Frisia, Gaelig, Gaelik Skotlandia, Galisia, Georgia, Gujarati, Hausa, Hawaii, Hindi, Hmong, Ibrani, Igbo, Inggris, Islan, Italia, Jawa, Jepang, Jerman, Kannada, Katala, Kazak, Khmer, Kinyarwanda, Kirghiz, Klingon, Korea, Korsika, Kreol Haiti, Kroat, Kurdi, Laos, Latin, Latvia, Lituania, Luksemburg, Magyar, Makedonia, Malagasi, Malayalam, Malta, Maori, Marathi, Melayu, Mongol, Nepal, Norsk, Odia (Oriya), Pashto, Polandia, Portugis, Prancis, Punjabi, Rumania, Rusia, Samoa, Serb, Sesotho, Shona, Sindhi, Sinhala, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somali, Spanyol, Sunda, Swahili, Swensk, Tagalog, Tajik, Tamil, Tatar, Telugu, Thai, Turki, Turkmen, Ukraina, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Vietnam, Wales, Xhosa, Yiddi, Yoruba, Yunani, Zulu, Bahasa terjemahan.
- two sons and one grandson
- These apps may drain your battery power,
- reciprocal equation
- Fantastic
- what is your job
- Move to your own beat with the Charge HR
- reciprocal function
- معيش اللحياني
- Move to your own beat with the Charge HR
- hau hadomi o
- Now the fly decided to land on one of th
- True love
- Kenapa ni sedih
- Selamat pagi sayangku
- Dari nilai sebelumnya
- Ucaga yetismemiz lazim
- Bele, hau hadomi o ho laran tebes
- Thanks for your wish
- Sudah jelas semua
- Bakmasana
- kerinduanku padamu tak bisa digambarkan
- sayang , cinta dan rindu ini akan selalu
- eu te astept sa vii ,tu cati copii ay
- I am fed up with you
