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Anonymous and Social HacktivismThe popular conception of hackers is one of young men sitting in dark basement rooms for hours uponend, surrounded by empty takeout containers: alone and unaffiliated. Individual hackers rarely influence history,the actions of large corporations, or the governments of the world—unless they can somehow work together andform a collective. The hacktivist group Anonymous seems to have achieved this goal.48The group’s beginnings can be traced back to 2003, when individual hackers began posting proposals forcollective action on an Internet forum called 4-chan, a simple image-based bulletin board where anyone can postcomments and share images—and one of the least regulated parts of the Internet in the early 2000s. At first, theidea was the adoption of a decentralized online community that could act anonymously, but in a coordinatedmanner. Group actions were usually aligned toward some nebulous goal, with the primary focus being on themembers’ own entertainment. For example, Anonymous members hacked the copy-protect codes of DVDs andvideo games and posted them online. This action enabled other hackers to disable the copy protection and copythese products for free. As the movement grew, some members began to see the potential for greater social andpolitical activity, and social “hacktivism” was born.49Anonymous has no leader or formal decision-making mechanism. “Anyone who wants to can beAnonim dan bekerja menuju seperangkat tujuan..."anggota anonim menjelaskan. "Kami memiliki agenda ini bahwa kitaSemua setuju pada dan kita semua mengkoordinasikan dan tindakan, tetapi semua bertindak secara independen ke arah itu, tanpa ada keinginan untuk pengakuan.Kami hanya ingin mendapatkan sesuatu bahwa kita merasa sangat penting dilakukan... "50Anonim langkah pertama menuju sebuah tindakan politik datang dalam bentuk Jasa yang disalurkanSerangan (DDoS) Gereja Scientology pada tahun 2008. Gereja telah membuat upaya untuk menghapus sebuah wawancaradengan Tom Cruise, anggota gereja yang terkenal, dari Internet.51 gereja merasa video melukai citra. Ituberhasil menghapus video dari YouTube dan situs Web lainnya, namun anonim diposting video padaGawker Web site.52 upaya memberikan anonim rasa kekuatan itu bisa harness.53Sebagai gerakan tumbuh, anonim memperluas target dan menarik perhatian media. Setelah situs WebWikiLeaks, yang mengandalkan sumbangan untuk mendukung operasinya, merilis koleksi besar Amerika diklasifikasikandokumen-dokumen militer dan diplomatik kabel, PayPal, MasterCard, dan Bank of America mengumumkan bahwa mereka akantidak lagi proses sumbangan untuk WikiLeaks. Tindakan ini mengancam untuk menempatkan situs WikiLeaks Web keluar dari bisnis.Sebagai tanggapan, anonim meluncurkan serangan DDoS besar pada situs Web perusahaan keuangan ini. Pada 2012,Anonymous diterbitkan nama dan informasi kartu kredit pelanggan newsletter yang diterbitkan olehinternational security think tank, Stratfor, which Anonymous viewed as a reactionary force both online and in thereal world. Stratfor customer credit cards were used to make over $500,000 in fraudulent donations to variouscharities.54 Also in 2012, Anonymous attacked the regime of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad. In this instance,Anonymous went beyond DDoS attacks on government sites and actually set up satellite transmission stations inall the major cities across Syria to serve as independent media centers in anticipationof the Syrian government’s efforts to cut off its citizens from the Internet.55In response to the suicide of Internet activist Aaron Swartz in early 2013, Anonymous briefly corruptedthe Web site of the U.S. Sentencing Commission and threatened to release sensitive information concerning theU.S. Department of Justice. Anonymous blamed the justice system for Swartz’s suicide, claiming that prosecutorswere pursuing “highly disproportionate sentencing” in cases against some of its members and others, like Swartz,who championed open access to online documents. Swartz was facing federal charges that he stole millions ofonline documents and could have served up to 35 years in prison.56The group’s strategy of using DDoS attacks and publishing personal information is illegal and has exposednumerous members of the collective to police inquiry and legal problems. The Interpol international policing bodytelah sangat aktif dalam pengejaran anggota anonim. Pada awal 2012, sebagai bagian dari upaya Interpol, 25Anggota anonim ditangkap di empat berbeda countries.57 selanjutnya, anggota berpengaruh kolektif, online yang dikenal sebagai "Sabu," adalah baru saja outed sebagai seorang informan FBI. Setelah berpartisipasi dalam Stratforhack, Sabu memberikan informasi ke FBI mengarah pada penangkapan beberapa anonim senior members.58 Namun, setelah Wahyu bahwa satu dari mereka sendiri telah bekerja sama dengan FBI upaya terhadap kelompok, salah satu anggotaDikirim di berikut: "Jangan Anda mendapatkannya sekarang? #Anonymous adalah sebuah ide. #Anonymous adalah sebuah gerakan.
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