LIMITATIONSThe authors recognize that there are limitations to the abo terjemahan - LIMITATIONSThe authors recognize that there are limitations to the abo Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

LIMITATIONSThe authors recognize th

LIMITATIONS
The authors recognize that there are limitations to the above study. One such limitation is the fact that the first author did probe specifically about alignment issues outside of what the second author probed. However, sufficient evidence was gathered in order to make conclusions. Any knowledge of the interviews could have biased the first author, so this was also a means of reducing threats to validity. A second limitation is that the propositions for understanding and solving created by the first author and validated by the second and third were not standardized across several institutions. However, given the chemistry expertise of the three authors, it is likely that other content experts would agree with these propositions.
■ CONCLUSIONS
This study indicates that the teachers examined fell into various categories indicating instructional sensitivity of their items. There were four types of goal-to-item relationships:
Multiple Goals: Teachers commonly have multiple goals in mind when they ask questions. The data indicate that teachers can use multiple goals to asses multiple topics in one item.
Ambiguous Goals: Teachers who use ambiguous goals cannot specifically determine what students do and do not understand. While the ambiguous goal may be assessable, for example, if the student knows how to do stoichiometry, the goal cannot define the performance standard. As such, the goal is not useful in designing/selecting assessment items and inhibits making valid conclusions about student learning or instruction from assessment data.
Identification of Problem Solving: The goals that fall into this group have underlying concepts that can be addressed by the item, but the teacher does not address them in their goals.
Well-aligned: The data show that teachers who craft well aligned items are likely guided by conceptual and computational goals, which will lead to more effective assessment items.
Considering these four groupings identified, we concluded that several of our sample of chemistry teachers described learning goals that were not detailed enough to provide appropriate
sensitivity to instruction, and more so misaligned conceptually based learning goals and assessment items.
■ IMPLICATIONS
Teachers who have multiple goals must be cautioned that each of these goals needs to embrace an assessable topic to be effective. Moreover, to optimize student understanding, the goals should specifically assess a concept to ascertain the students’ understanding of the chemical concepts. Special care must be taken to assess these conceptual goals rather than simple problem solving. Teachers who use ambiguous goals should also use caution, in that a simple skimming over of topics in a chemistry course can lead to student confusion and lack of understanding. Well-designed items address conceptual goals that, in the process, also encompass mathematical concepts. The items that should be crafted are items that conform to this well-designed definition. In accordance with the NGSS, conceptual goals are required to be assessed to reliably and accurately assess student understanding on most items. This study highlights the
importance of setting these goals and verifies the NGSS in their standard. The goals that are assessable, more often than not, are those that address conceptual issues first. Because of
this, teachers should use conceptual goals to gauge student understanding and not rely solely on mathematical algorithms to determine if a student truly grasps a topic. Looking forward, teachers should create items that assess conceptual goals in conjunction with mathematical or problem solving goals to determine student understanding. Such a shift in assessment practices strongly aligns with recommendations in the NGSS.
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LIMITATIONSThe authors recognize that there are limitations to the above study. One such limitation is the fact that the first author did probe specifically about alignment issues outside of what the second author probed. However, sufficient evidence was gathered in order to make conclusions. Any knowledge of the interviews could have biased the first author, so this was also a means of reducing threats to validity. A second limitation is that the propositions for understanding and solving created by the first author and validated by the second and third were not standardized across several institutions. However, given the chemistry expertise of the three authors, it is likely that other content experts would agree with these propositions.■ CONCLUSIONSThis study indicates that the teachers examined fell into various categories indicating instructional sensitivity of their items. There were four types of goal-to-item relationships:Multiple Goals: Teachers commonly have multiple goals in mind when they ask questions. The data indicate that teachers can use multiple goals to asses multiple topics in one item.Ambiguous Goals: Teachers who use ambiguous goals cannot specifically determine what students do and do not understand. While the ambiguous goal may be assessable, for example, if the student knows how to do stoichiometry, the goal cannot define the performance standard. As such, the goal is not useful in designing/selecting assessment items and inhibits making valid conclusions about student learning or instruction from assessment data.Identification of Problem Solving: The goals that fall into this group have underlying concepts that can be addressed by the item, but the teacher does not address them in their goals.Well-aligned: The data show that teachers who craft well aligned items are likely guided by conceptual and computational goals, which will lead to more effective assessment items.Considering these four groupings identified, we concluded that several of our sample of chemistry teachers described learning goals that were not detailed enough to provide appropriatesensitivity to instruction, and more so misaligned conceptually based learning goals and assessment items.■ IMPLICATIONSTeachers who have multiple goals must be cautioned that each of these goals needs to embrace an assessable topic to be effective. Moreover, to optimize student understanding, the goals should specifically assess a concept to ascertain the students’ understanding of the chemical concepts. Special care must be taken to assess these conceptual goals rather than simple problem solving. Teachers who use ambiguous goals should also use caution, in that a simple skimming over of topics in a chemistry course can lead to student confusion and lack of understanding. Well-designed items address conceptual goals that, in the process, also encompass mathematical concepts. The items that should be crafted are items that conform to this well-designed definition. In accordance with the NGSS, conceptual goals are required to be assessed to reliably and accurately assess student understanding on most items. This study highlights theimportance of setting these goals and verifies the NGSS in their standard. The goals that are assessable, more often than not, are those that address conceptual issues first. Because ofthis, teachers should use conceptual goals to gauge student understanding and not rely solely on mathematical algorithms to determine if a student truly grasps a topic. Looking forward, teachers should create items that assess conceptual goals in conjunction with mathematical or problem solving goals to determine student understanding. Such a shift in assessment practices strongly aligns with recommendations in the NGSS.
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PEMBATASAN
Penulis menyadari bahwa ada keterbatasan untuk studi di atas. Salah satu keterbatasan tersebut adalah fakta bahwa penulis pertama melakukan penyelidikan secara khusus tentang masalah keselarasan luar dari apa yang penulis kedua diselidiki. Namun, bukti yang cukup dikumpulkan untuk membuat kesimpulan. Pengetahuan tentang wawancara bisa bias penulis pertama, jadi ini juga merupakan sarana untuk mengurangi ancaman terhadap validitas. Keterbatasan kedua adalah bahwa proposisi untuk pemahaman dan pemecahan yang diciptakan oleh penulis pertama dan divalidasi oleh kedua dan ketiga tidak standar di beberapa lembaga. Namun, mengingat keahlian kimia dari tiga penulis, ada kemungkinan bahwa para ahli konten lain akan setuju dengan proposisi-proposisi ini.
■ KESIMPULAN
Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa guru diperiksa jatuh ke dalam berbagai kategori yang menunjukkan sensitivitas instruksional barang-barang mereka. Ada empat jenis hubungan tujuan-ke-item:
Beberapa Gol: Guru umumnya memiliki beberapa tujuan dalam pikiran ketika mereka mengajukan pertanyaan. Data menunjukkan bahwa guru dapat menggunakan beberapa tujuan untuk menilai beberapa topik dalam satu item.
Gol ambigu: Guru yang menggunakan tujuan ambigu tidak dapat secara spesifik menentukan siswa apa yang dilakukan dan tidak mengerti. Sedangkan tujuan ambigu mungkin dapat dinilai, misalnya, jika siswa tahu bagaimana melakukan stoikiometri, tujuannya tidak dapat menentukan standar kinerja. Dengan demikian, tujuannya adalah tidak berguna dalam merancang / memilih item penilaian dan menghambat membuat kesimpulan yang valid tentang belajar siswa atau instruksi dari data penilaian.
Identifikasi Problem Solving: Tujuan yang masuk dalam kelompok ini memiliki konsep dasar yang dapat diatasi dengan item , tetapi guru tidak membahas mereka dalam tujuan mereka.
Yah-blok:. Data menunjukkan bahwa guru yang kerajinan item juga selaras yang cenderung dipandu oleh tujuan konseptual dan komputasi, yang akan menyebabkan item penilaian yang lebih efektif
Mengingat empat pengelompokan diidentifikasi, kami menyimpulkan bahwa beberapa sampel kami guru kimia dijelaskan tujuan pembelajaran yang tidak cukup rinci untuk memberikan yang sesuai
kepekaan terhadap instruksi, dan lebih sejajar tujuan pembelajaran berbasis konseptual dan item penilaian.
■ IMPLIKASI
Guru yang memiliki beberapa tujuan harus memperingatkan bahwa setiap tujuan ini perlu untuk merangkul topik dapat dinilai efektif. Selain itu, untuk mengoptimalkan pemahaman siswa, tujuan harus secara khusus menilai konsep untuk memastikan pemahaman siswa tentang konsep-konsep kimia. Perhatian khusus harus diambil untuk menilai tujuan-tujuan konseptual daripada pemecahan masalah sederhana. Guru yang menggunakan tujuan ambigu juga harus berhati-hati, dalam bahwa skimming sederhana lebih topik dalam kursus kimia dapat menyebabkan kebingungan siswa dan kurangnya pemahaman. Item yang dirancang mengatasi tujuan konseptual yang, dalam proses, juga mencakup konsep-konsep matematika. Item yang harus dibuat adalah barang yang sesuai dengan definisi ini dirancang dengan baik. Sesuai dengan NGSS, tujuan konseptual ini harus dinilai untuk andal dan akurat menilai pemahaman siswa pada item yang paling. Studi ini menyoroti
pentingnya menetapkan tujuan-tujuan ini dan memverifikasi NGSS dalam standar mereka. Tujuan yang dapat dinilai, lebih sering daripada tidak, adalah mereka yang menangani masalah-masalah konseptual pertama. Karena
ini, guru harus menggunakan tujuan konseptual untuk mengukur pemahaman siswa dan tidak hanya mengandalkan algoritma matematis untuk menentukan apakah seorang siswa yang benar-benar menangkap topik. Ke depan, guru harus membuat item yang menilai gol konseptual dalam hubungannya dengan tujuan matematika atau pemecahan masalah untuk menentukan pemahaman siswa. Seperti pergeseran praktek penilaian kuat sejalan dengan rekomendasi di NGSS.
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