The similarity of names and quantifierphrases with respect to many syn terjemahan - The similarity of names and quantifierphrases with respect to many syn Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The similarity of names and quantif

The similarity of names and quantifier
phrases with respect to many syntactic processes of phrase and sentence construction lead, in the presence of Montague’s insistence
on a strict isomorphism between syntactic and semantic
rules, to treating them as taking semantic values of the same type.
Such is Montague’s case for assimilating names to quantifiers.
However, doubts remain. How likely is it that language users
should have introduced words and phrases expressing properties,
and quantifier phrases expressing higher-order properties, without
first having words designating individuals to which ordinary
properties are attributed? And if proper names aren’t such words,
what are? Like names and quantifier phrases, demonstratives—
‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, ‘this’, and ‘that’—can (i) combine with prepositions,
transitive verbs, and verb phrases to form propositional phrases,
verb phrases, and sentences, and (ii) serve as antecedents of anaphoric
pronouns of the kind illustrated by (10) and (11). Are they
also to be treated as quantifiers? As a formal matter, they could
be, though it is hard to imagine them being so understood by
ordinary speakers. To make matters worse, suppose we were now
to introduce a new set of terms by explicitly stipulating that they
were to be genuine names and demonstratives, used to designate
individuals. Surely, it’s not beyond our power to do that. Nor is
it beyond our power to use these new terms in sentences as subjects,
as well as objects of verbs and prepositions. It would be very
surprising if they couldn’t also serve as antecedents of anaphoric
pronouns. But if all of this is possible, without the terms being
quantifiers, then the quantificational analysis of ordinary names
is doubtful.
The issues raised by this discussion have implications both for
Montague’s overall theoretical perspective, and for the syntactic
and semantic analyses of various particular constructions. At the
most general level, it is, I think, hard to overestimate the value of
his central insight: there is no need to force one’s account of the
semantic structure of natural language into the Procrustean bed
of classical logic, which was initially developed to avoid the complexities
of natural language. His account of quantifier phrases
in natural language was both seminal and liberating.
The same
is true of his treatment of many grammatical types not found in
classical logical languages, including verb-phrase-modifying adverbs (‘slowly’, ‘allegedly’, ‘nearly’), common-noun-modifying adjectives
(‘alleged’, ‘former’, ‘heavy’, ‘American’), adjective-forming
prepositions (‘in’, ‘of ’), adverb-forming prepositions (‘with’, ‘of ’,
‘about’), intensional transitive verbs (‘seek’, ‘worship’, ‘conceive’),
and verb-phrase-taking verbs (‘try to’, ‘want to’).13 Both his own
work, and that of those who have followed him, have done much
to bring such expressions within the scope of formal semantics.
However, Montague’s insistence on maintaining the logician’s
one-to-one correspondence between syntactic and compositional
semantic rules when investigating natural language was itself an
apriori commitment lacking empirical justification. One sees what
was, perhaps, a tacit recognition of this in his reliance on meaning
postulates—restricting acceptable interpretations of his Englishlike
fragments to those validating them. Since these often have the
effect of treating different members of the same syntactic/semantic
category differently, they undermine the desired isomorphism
that is so central to the program. Since Montague didn’t articulate
any general criterion for when appeal to meaning postulates
is justified and when it isn’t, he must, at some level, have recognized
the futility of trying to determine, in advance, how close
the syntax and semantics of natural languages will turn out to be.
It is heartening, therefore, that later work has followed an empirically
balanced approach that includes many of his innovative
semantic techniques, while giving empirically motivated theories
of English syntax their due.14
With this in mind, let us return to the factors that led to the
quantificational analysis of names. As we have seen, the strict
isomorphism between syntax and semantic motivating the analysis
won’t bear the weight placed on it. In the case of variable
binding, there are natural ways of accounting for the similarity
of the anaphora in (10a) and (11), without taking names to be
quantifiers.15 Even the ingenious analysis of (12a,b) in which their
truth does not require the existence of unicorns suffers from serious
limitations inherent in Montague’s framework. Consider, for
example, the analogous cases (13a,b).
13a. John seeks a solution to the decision problem for firstorder
logic.
b. John talks about a solution to the decision problem for
first-order logic.
Reasoning as we did in (12), we may take the intension of the
quantified phrase ‘a solution to the decision problem for firstorder
logic’ to be the function from possible world-states w to the
set of all sets containing at least one solution to the decision problem
for first-order logic at w. Since it is a necessary, and apriori,
truth that the decision problem for first-order validity is unsolvable,
this function returns the empty set as value for every worldstate
as argument. It is doubtful that we can make sense of this degenerate
intension as the object of John’s search—and even if we
could, the system would give us the incorrect result that (13a,b)
and (14a,b) have the same truth value for every NP with the same
degenerate intension as the quantified phrase in (13a,b).
14a. John seeks NP.
b. John talks about NP.
On certain natural assumptions, a version of this problem afflicts
(12a,b) themselves. If ‘unicorn’ is a natural kind term that
fails to designate any natural kind, then it is analogous to a proper
name, or occurrence of a demonstrative, that fails to denote. As
we will see in chapter 4, there are reasons to think that each such
term rigidly designates the same thing at all possible world-states.
So, if ‘unicorn’ fails to denote at the actual world-state, it will fail
to denote at every state.
0/5000
Dari: -
Ke: -
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
The similarity of names and quantifier
phrases with respect to many syntactic processes of phrase and sentence construction lead, in the presence of Montague’s insistence
on a strict isomorphism between syntactic and semantic
rules, to treating them as taking semantic values of the same type.
Such is Montague’s case for assimilating names to quantifiers.
However, doubts remain. How likely is it that language users
should have introduced words and phrases expressing properties,
and quantifier phrases expressing higher-order properties, without
first having words designating individuals to which ordinary
properties are attributed? And if proper names aren’t such words,
what are? Like names and quantifier phrases, demonstratives—
‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, ‘this’, and ‘that’—can (i) combine with prepositions,
transitive verbs, and verb phrases to form propositional phrases,
verb phrases, and sentences, and (ii) serve as antecedents of anaphoric
pronouns of the kind illustrated by (10) and (11). Are they
also to be treated as quantifiers? As a formal matter, they could
be, though it is hard to imagine them being so understood by
ordinary speakers. To make matters worse, suppose we were now
to introduce a new set of terms by explicitly stipulating that they
were to be genuine names and demonstratives, used to designate
individuals. Surely, it’s not beyond our power to do that. Nor is
it beyond our power to use these new terms in sentences as subjects,
as well as objects of verbs and prepositions. It would be very
surprising if they couldn’t also serve as antecedents of anaphoric
pronouns. But if all of this is possible, without the terms being
quantifiers, then the quantificational analysis of ordinary names
is doubtful.
The issues raised by this discussion have implications both for
Montague’s overall theoretical perspective, and for the syntactic
and semantic analyses of various particular constructions. At the
most general level, it is, I think, hard to overestimate the value of
his central insight: there is no need to force one’s account of the
semantic structure of natural language into the Procrustean bed
of classical logic, which was initially developed to avoid the complexities
of natural language. His account of quantifier phrases
in natural language was both seminal and liberating.
The same
is true of his treatment of many grammatical types not found in
classical logical languages, including verb-phrase-modifying adverbs (‘slowly’, ‘allegedly’, ‘nearly’), common-noun-modifying adjectives
(‘alleged’, ‘former’, ‘heavy’, ‘American’), adjective-forming
prepositions (‘in’, ‘of ’), adverb-forming prepositions (‘with’, ‘of ’,
‘about’), intensional transitive verbs (‘seek’, ‘worship’, ‘conceive’),
and verb-phrase-taking verbs (‘try to’, ‘want to’).13 Both his own
work, and that of those who have followed him, have done much
to bring such expressions within the scope of formal semantics.
However, Montague’s insistence on maintaining the logician’s
one-to-one correspondence between syntactic and compositional
semantic rules when investigating natural language was itself an
apriori commitment lacking empirical justification. One sees what
was, perhaps, a tacit recognition of this in his reliance on meaning
postulates—restricting acceptable interpretations of his Englishlike
fragments to those validating them. Since these often have the
effect of treating different members of the same syntactic/semantic
category differently, they undermine the desired isomorphism
that is so central to the program. Since Montague didn’t articulate
any general criterion for when appeal to meaning postulates
is justified and when it isn’t, he must, at some level, have recognized
the futility of trying to determine, in advance, how close
the syntax and semantics of natural languages will turn out to be.
It is heartening, therefore, that later work has followed an empirically
balanced approach that includes many of his innovative
semantic techniques, while giving empirically motivated theories
of English syntax their due.14
With this in mind, let us return to the factors that led to the
quantificational analysis of names. As we have seen, the strict
isomorphism between syntax and semantic motivating the analysis
won’t bear the weight placed on it. In the case of variable
binding, there are natural ways of accounting for the similarity
of the anaphora in (10a) and (11), without taking names to be
quantifiers.15 Even the ingenious analysis of (12a,b) in which their
truth does not require the existence of unicorns suffers from serious
limitations inherent in Montague’s framework. Consider, for
example, the analogous cases (13a,b).
13a. John seeks a solution to the decision problem for firstorder
logic.
b. John talks about a solution to the decision problem for
first-order logic.
Reasoning as we did in (12), we may take the intension of the
quantified phrase ‘a solution to the decision problem for firstorder
logic’ to be the function from possible world-states w to the
set of all sets containing at least one solution to the decision problem
for first-order logic at w. Since it is a necessary, and apriori,
truth that the decision problem for first-order validity is unsolvable,
this function returns the empty set as value for every worldstate
as argument. It is doubtful that we can make sense of this degenerate
intension as the object of John’s search—and even if we
could, the system would give us the incorrect result that (13a,b)
and (14a,b) have the same truth value for every NP with the same
degenerate intension as the quantified phrase in (13a,b).
14a. John seeks NP.
b. John talks about NP.
On certain natural assumptions, a version of this problem afflicts
(12a,b) themselves. If ‘unicorn’ is a natural kind term that
fails to designate any natural kind, then it is analogous to a proper
name, or occurrence of a demonstrative, that fails to denote. As
we will see in chapter 4, there are reasons to think that each such
term rigidly designates the same thing at all possible world-states.
So, if ‘unicorn’ fails to denote at the actual world-state, it will fail
to denote at every state.
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Kesamaan nama dan quantifier
frasa sehubungan dengan banyak proses sintaksis frasa dan memimpin konstruksi kalimat, dengan adanya desakan Montague
pada isomorfisma ketat antara sintaksis dan semantik
aturan, untuk memperlakukan mereka sebagai mengambil nilai-nilai semantik dari jenis yang sama.
Itulah Kasus Montague untuk asimilasi nama ke bilangan.
Namun, keraguan tetap. Seberapa besar kemungkinan bahwa pengguna bahasa
harus memperkenalkan kata-kata dan frase yang mengungkapkan sifat,
dan frase quantifier mengekspresikan tingkat tinggi sifat, tanpa
terlebih dahulu memiliki kata-kata menunjuk individu yang biasa
sifat yang dikaitkan? Dan jika nama yang tepat bukan kata-kata seperti itu,
apa yang? Seperti nama dan frase quantifier, demonstratives-
'dia', 'dia', 'itu', 'ini', dan 'that'-dapat (i) bergabung dengan preposisi,
kata kerja transitif, dan frase kata kerja untuk membentuk frase proposisional,
frase verba , dan kalimat, dan (ii) berfungsi sebagai anteseden anaforis
kata ganti dari jenis yang digambarkan oleh (10) dan (11). Apakah mereka
juga harus diperlakukan sebagai bilangan? Sebagai soal formal, mereka bisa
menjadi, meskipun sulit untuk membayangkan mereka yang begitu dipahami oleh
pembicara biasa. Untuk membuat keadaan menjadi lebih buruk, misalkan kita kini
memperkenalkan satu set baru hal dengan secara eksplisit menyatakan bahwa mereka
adalah menjadi nama asli dan demonstratif, digunakan untuk menunjuk
individu. Tentunya, itu tidak melampaui kekuatan kita untuk melakukan itu. Juga tidak
melampaui kekuatan kita untuk menggunakan istilah-istilah baru dalam kalimat sebagai subjek,
serta benda-benda dari kata kerja dan preposisi. Akan sangat
mengejutkan jika mereka tidak bisa juga berfungsi sebagai anteseden anaforis
kata ganti. Tapi jika semua ini adalah mungkin, tanpa syarat menjadi
bilangan, maka analisis quantificational nama biasa
diragukan.
Isu-isu yang diangkat oleh diskusi ini memiliki implikasi baik untuk
perspektif teoritis Montague keseluruhan, dan untuk sintaksis
analisis dan semantik berbagai konstruksi tertentu . Pada
tingkat yang paling umum, adalah, saya pikir, sulit untuk melebih-lebihkan nilai
wawasan utamanya: tidak perlu untuk memaksa account seseorang dari
struktur semantik bahasa alami ke tempat tidur Procrustean
logika klasik, yang awalnya dikembangkan untuk menghindari kompleksitas
dari bahasa alami. Ceritanya frase pembilang
dalam bahasa alami adalah baik mani dan membebaskan.
Hal yang sama
juga terjadi pada perlakuan berbagai jenis tata bahasa tidak ditemukan dalam
bahasa logis klasik, termasuk kata kerja-frase memodifikasi keterangan ('perlahan', 'diduga', 'hampir '),-common-benda memodifikasi kata sifat
('diduga', 'mantan', 'berat', 'Amerika'), kata sifat pembentuk
preposisi ('dalam', 'dari'), keterangan-membentuk preposisi ('dengan', 'dari',
'tentang'), kata kerja transitif intensional ('mencari', 'ibadah', 'Hamil'),
dan kata kerja-frase-taking verba ('mencoba', 'ingin'). 13 Kedua sendiri
pekerjaan , dan bahwa orang-orang yang telah mengikuti dia, telah melakukan banyak
untuk membawa ekspresi seperti dalam lingkup semantik formal.
Namun, desakan Montague pada mempertahankan logika itu
satu-ke-satu antara sintaksis dan komposisi
aturan semantik ketika menyelidiki bahasa alami itu sendiri sebuah
komitmen apriori kurang justifikasi empiris. Satu melihat apa
yang, mungkin, pengakuan diam-diam ini dalam ketergantungan pada makna
postulat-membatasi interpretasi diterima Englishlike nya
fragmen kepada mereka memvalidasi mereka. Karena ini sering memiliki
efek mengobati anggota yang berbeda dari sintaksis / semantik yang sama
kategori berbeda, mereka merusak isomorfisma diinginkan
yang jadi pusat program. Karena Montague tidak mengartikulasikan
setiap kriteria umum untuk saat banding ke makna mendalilkan
dibenarkan dan jika tidak, ia harus, pada tingkat tertentu, telah mengakui
kesia-siaan mencoba untuk menentukan, di muka, seberapa dekat
sintaks dan semantik bahasa alami akan berubah menjadi.
Hal ini membesarkan hati, karena itu, bahwa kemudian bekerja telah menyusul empiris
pendekatan yang seimbang yang mencakup banyak inovatif
teknik semantik, sementara memberikan teori-teori motivasi empiris
dari Inggris sintaks due.14 mereka
Dengan ini dalam pikiran, mari kita kembali ke faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan
analisis quantificational nama. Sebagaimana telah kita lihat, yang ketat
isomorfisma antara sintaks dan semantik memotivasi analisis
tidak akan menanggung beban ditempatkan di atasnya. Dalam kasus variabel
mengikat, ada cara alami akuntansi untuk kesamaan
dari anafora dalam (10a) dan (11), tanpa mengambil nama menjadi
quantifiers.15 Bahkan analisis cerdik (12a, b) di mana mereka
sebenarnya tidak memerlukan adanya unicorn menderita serius
keterbatasan dalam kerangka Montague. Perhatikan, untuk
contoh, kasus analog (13a, b).
13a. John mencari solusi untuk masalah keputusan untuk firstorder
logika.
b. John berbicara tentang solusi untuk masalah keputusan untuk
logika orde pertama.
Penalaran seperti yang kita lakukan di (12), kita dapat mengambil kehebatan dari
frase kuantitatif 'solusi untuk masalah keputusan untuk firstorder
logika 'menjadi fungsi dari kemungkinan dunia-negara w ke
himpunan semua set yang mengandung setidaknya satu solusi untuk masalah keputusan
untuk logika orde pertama di w. Karena itu adalah penting, dan apriori,
kebenaran bahwa masalah keputusan untuk validitas orde pertama adalah terpecahkan,
fungsi ini mengembalikan set kosong sebagai nilai untuk setiap worldstate
sebagai argumen. Diragukan bahwa kita dapat memahami merosot ini
kehebatan sebagai objek John pencarian dan bahkan jika kita
bisa, sistem akan memberi kita hasil yang salah yang (13a, b)
dan (14a, b) memiliki nilai kebenaran yang sama untuk setiap NP dengan sama
kehebatan merosot sebagai frase diukur dalam (13a, b).
14a. John berusaha NP.
b. John berbicara tentang NP.
Pada asumsi alam tertentu, versi masalah ini menimpa
(12a, b) sendiri. Jika 'unicorn' adalah istilah semacam alami yang
gagal untuk menunjuk setiap jenis alami, maka analog dengan tepat
nama, atau terjadinya demonstratif, yang gagal untuk menunjukkan. Seperti
yang akan kita lihat dalam bab 4, ada alasan untuk berpikir bahwa setiap seperti
istilah kaku menunjuk hal yang sama di semua kemungkinan dunia-negara.
Jadi, jika 'unicorn' gagal untuk menunjukkan di negara dunia nyata, itu akan gagal
untuk menunjukkan di setiap negara bagian.
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
Bahasa lainnya
Dukungan alat penerjemahan: Afrikans, Albania, Amhara, Arab, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahasa Indonesia, Basque, Belanda, Belarussia, Bengali, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Burma, Cebuano, Ceko, Chichewa, China, Cina Tradisional, Denmark, Deteksi bahasa, Esperanto, Estonia, Farsi, Finlandia, Frisia, Gaelig, Gaelik Skotlandia, Galisia, Georgia, Gujarati, Hausa, Hawaii, Hindi, Hmong, Ibrani, Igbo, Inggris, Islan, Italia, Jawa, Jepang, Jerman, Kannada, Katala, Kazak, Khmer, Kinyarwanda, Kirghiz, Klingon, Korea, Korsika, Kreol Haiti, Kroat, Kurdi, Laos, Latin, Latvia, Lituania, Luksemburg, Magyar, Makedonia, Malagasi, Malayalam, Malta, Maori, Marathi, Melayu, Mongol, Nepal, Norsk, Odia (Oriya), Pashto, Polandia, Portugis, Prancis, Punjabi, Rumania, Rusia, Samoa, Serb, Sesotho, Shona, Sindhi, Sinhala, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somali, Spanyol, Sunda, Swahili, Swensk, Tagalog, Tajik, Tamil, Tatar, Telugu, Thai, Turki, Turkmen, Ukraina, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Vietnam, Wales, Xhosa, Yiddi, Yoruba, Yunani, Zulu, Bahasa terjemahan.

Copyright ©2025 I Love Translation. All reserved.

E-mail: