Lecture/Discussion  A lecture is a semiformal discourse in which the i terjemahan - Lecture/Discussion  A lecture is a semiformal discourse in which the i Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Lecture/Discussion A lecture is a

Lecture/Discussion
A lecture is a semiformal discourse in which the instructor presents a series of
events, facts, or principles; explores a problem; or explains relationships. It is a
means of “telling” and is used to inform. Lectures are presented by experts and are
one-directional; that is, there is little interaction between the instructor and the students, with little or no interchange of ideas. It may be difficult to perceive student
reactions, misconceptions, inattention, or difficulties during a lecture. On the other
hand, lectures have the benefit of transmitting large amounts of information at one
time to a large number of students in a proportionately short period of time. The length and content are also easily modified.
Discussion includes questions, answers, and comments from instructors and students. Discussion can be instructor-centered to “clarify content, define terms, identify assumptions, motivate participation, recognize contributions”; group-centered to
“build on experience, explore hypotheses, strengthen relationships, raise questions, formulate ideas, examine assumptions”; or collaborative to “solve problems, share
responsibilities, compare alternatives, test hypotheses, modify assumptions.” Leading discussion requires more instructor resourcefulness, initiative, and ability than
lecturing and also requires advance preparation of the participants in the form of
reading, thinking, and study. Although small group discussion can be used effectively
in large classrooms with advanced preparation on the part of the instructor, there are
size and time limits. Relatively large blocks of time are needed for discussion to be
effective. A high degree of student participation and active involvement promotes
better and more permanent learning.
Demonstration
In demonstration , the instructor performs a skill or process, showing the students
what to do and how to do it, usually accompanied by explanations to point out why,
where, and when it is done. Demonstrations give concreteness to oral explanations,
helping students learn faster and more permanently and preventing misunderstandings.
The student is usually expected to be able to repeat the task or activity after the demonstration. Students must clearly see every part of the demonstration, so environmental factors such as lighting, size of group, and the ability to project screens or pages are
important. Equipment must function adequately; instructors need to consider backup
approaches if equipment malfunctions. Because sequencing is usually important in
demonstration, situation, timing, and pacing are also critical. Students must be given
time to see the action, think about it, and then perform the task themselves.
Active Learning
The literature suggests that students should do more than just listen and observe
for effective learning to take place. According to Charles C. Bonwell and James
A. Eison,
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Lecture/Discussion A lecture is a semiformal discourse in which the instructor presents a series of events, facts, or principles; explores a problem; or explains relationships. It is a means of “telling” and is used to inform. Lectures are presented by experts and are one-directional; that is, there is little interaction between the instructor and the students, with little or no interchange of ideas. It may be difficult to perceive student reactions, misconceptions, inattention, or difficulties during a lecture. On the other hand, lectures have the benefit of transmitting large amounts of information at one time to a large number of students in a proportionately short period of time. The length and content are also easily modified. Discussion includes questions, answers, and comments from instructors and students. Discussion can be instructor-centered to “clarify content, define terms, identify assumptions, motivate participation, recognize contributions”; group-centered to “build on experience, explore hypotheses, strengthen relationships, raise questions, formulate ideas, examine assumptions”; or collaborative to “solve problems, share responsibilities, compare alternatives, test hypotheses, modify assumptions.” Leading discussion requires more instructor resourcefulness, initiative, and ability than lecturing and also requires advance preparation of the participants in the form of reading, thinking, and study. Although small group discussion can be used effectively in large classrooms with advanced preparation on the part of the instructor, there are size and time limits. Relatively large blocks of time are needed for discussion to be effective. A high degree of student participation and active involvement promotes better and more permanent learning. Demonstration In demonstration , the instructor performs a skill or process, showing the students what to do and how to do it, usually accompanied by explanations to point out why, where, and when it is done. Demonstrations give concreteness to oral explanations, helping students learn faster and more permanently and preventing misunderstandings. The student is usually expected to be able to repeat the task or activity after the demonstration. Students must clearly see every part of the demonstration, so environmental factors such as lighting, size of group, and the ability to project screens or pages are important. Equipment must function adequately; instructors need to consider backup approaches if equipment malfunctions. Because sequencing is usually important in demonstration, situation, timing, and pacing are also critical. Students must be given time to see the action, think about it, and then perform the task themselves. Active Learning The literature suggests that students should do more than just listen and observe for effective learning to take place. According to Charles C. Bonwell and James A. Eison,
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Kuliah / Diskusi
Kuliah adalah wacana semiformal di mana instruktur menyajikan serangkaian
acara, fakta, atau prinsip-prinsip; mengeksplorasi masalah; atau menjelaskan hubungan. Ini adalah
cara "mengatakan" dan digunakan untuk menginformasikan. Kuliah disajikan oleh para ahli dan
satu-directional; yaitu, ada sedikit interaksi antara instruktur dan siswa, dengan sedikit atau tanpa pertukaran ide. Mungkin sulit untuk memahami siswa
reaksi, kesalahpahaman, kurangnya perhatian, atau kesulitan selama kuliah. Di lain
sisi, ceramah mendapatkan manfaat dari transmisi sejumlah besar informasi pada satu
waktu untuk sejumlah besar siswa dalam waktu proporsional singkat. Panjang dan konten juga mudah dimodifikasi.
Diskusi termasuk pertanyaan, jawaban, dan komentar dari instruktur dan siswa. Diskusi bisa instruktur yang berpusat pada "memperjelas konten, mendefinisikan istilah, mengidentifikasi asumsi, memotivasi partisipasi, mengakui kontribusi"; Kelompok yang berpusat pada
"membangun pengalaman, menjelajahi hipotesis, memperkuat hubungan, menimbulkan pertanyaan, merumuskan ide-ide, memeriksa asumsi"; atau kolaboratif untuk "memecahkan masalah, berbagi
tanggung jawab, bandingkan alternatif, uji hipotesis, memodifikasi asumsi." Memimpin diskusi membutuhkan lebih instruktur akal, inisiatif, dan kemampuan dari
kuliah dan juga membutuhkan persiapan muka dari peserta dalam bentuk
membaca, berpikir, dan belajar. Meskipun diskusi kelompok kecil dapat digunakan secara efektif
di kelas besar dengan persiapan maju pada bagian dari instruktur, ada
ukuran dan batas waktu. Relatif besar blok waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk diskusi menjadi
efektif. Gelar tinggi partisipasi dan keterlibatan siswa aktif mempromosikan
lebih baik dan lebih belajar permanen.
Demonstrasi
Dalam demonstrasi, instruktur melakukan keterampilan atau proses, menunjukkan siswa
apa yang harus dilakukan dan bagaimana melakukannya, biasanya disertai dengan penjelasan untuk menunjukkan mengapa,
di mana , dan ketika hal itu dilakukan. Demonstrasi memberikan konkret untuk penjelasan lisan,
membantu siswa belajar lebih cepat dan lebih permanen dan mencegah kesalahpahaman.
Siswa biasanya diharapkan mampu mengulang tugas atau kegiatan setelah demonstrasi. Siswa harus jelas melihat setiap bagian dari demonstrasi, sehingga faktor lingkungan seperti pencahayaan, ukuran kelompok, dan kemampuan untuk memproyeksikan layar atau halaman
yang penting. Peralatan harus berfungsi secara memadai; instruktur perlu mempertimbangkan cadangan
pendekatan jika kerusakan peralatan. Karena sequencing biasanya penting dalam
demonstrasi, situasi, waktu, dan mondar-mandir juga penting. Siswa harus diberikan
waktu untuk melihat tindakan, berpikir tentang hal ini, dan kemudian melakukan tugas itu sendiri.
Active Learning
literatur menunjukkan bahwa siswa harus melakukan lebih dari hanya mendengarkan dan mengamati
pembelajaran yang efektif untuk mengambil tempat. Menurut Charles C. Bonwell dan James
A. Eison,
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