Rust Expansion One of the weaknesses of riveted construction is the vu terjemahan - Rust Expansion One of the weaknesses of riveted construction is the vu Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Rust Expansion One of the weaknesse

Rust Expansion
One of the weaknesses of riveted construction is the vulnerability of plate seams to corrosion. The joints between plates and other structural members cannot be completely sealed from moisture, even in shell plates that have been caulked. The result is that, over time, corrosion can lead to expanding rust scale that draws joints apart with tremendous force, shearing rivets or pulling the heads though the plate. This can present a problem for the surveyor, as it is often difficult to tell whether rivets still have attachment. For the preservationist, removing rust scale from joints can be difficult, and sealing off the joints nearly impossible. About the only lasting solution, although a costly one, is to remove the rivets, clean out and coat the seam, and re-rivet the joint. A hermetic seal, such as the thick epoxy coatings mentioned earlier, can then be used to seal off the seam
Wood Decks on Iron Ships
Planked weather decks are a feature of most early iron ships. An ongoing conflict often exists between the maintenance needs of wooden decks and those of the surrounding ship -- wood decks are traditionally washed down with sea water to take advantage of the fungicidal properties of salt. This is robbing Peter to pay Paul in a big way because these same chlorides invariably result in corrosion of adjacent iron structures (hatch coamings, bulwarks, fittings). Wherever possible, an alternative to sea water should be used for deck maintenance. Unfortunately, some of the most effective wood preservatives are also toxic to humans. One safe alternative is sodium borate (sold as TIMBOR (R), a water-soluble preservative that is not corrosive to ferrous metals. Like any water-soluble product, sodium borate will tend to leach out of the wood over time. It therefore must be applied in an ongoing maintenance program in order to be effective.
As every wood deck that was ever laid upon a ship eventually leaks, corrosion is often found on the underlying plate or deck beams. There are few good solutions to this problem and once the corrosion has pitted the tops of beams or plates, the steel-to-wood faying surfaces become irregular and hard to seal. One solution that appears to work is the use of a soft film coating to bed the planking -- Eureka Fluid, a brand of lanolin-based anti-corrosive coating, was used in this manner during deck repairs on the ship Balclutha in the 1960s, and again in the 1980s, and appears to have been successful.
Monitoring the Rate of Corrosion
To determine the degree of success of our preservation efforts, the rate of corrosion and attendant wastage of a vessel should be monitored closely. Visual inspections should be carried out on a routine basis, with particular attention to some of the problem areas noted above. Measuring shell plate thickness is probably the single most important method for establishing the overall condition and rate of deterioration of an iron hull. The tool of choice for this is the ultrasonic caliper, which measures the thickness of metal by sending an ultrasonic signal though the material. These tools have become cheaper and more sophisticated in recent years and would be a useful addition to the maintenance tool kit of any large vessel. The process of ultrasonic testing (UT) is straightforward, but difficulties are sometimes encountered when attempting to measure some types of malleable iron plate due to imbedded layers of silicone slag. These layers tend to bounce the signal back, thereby giving only a partial reading. An experienced operator can learn to accurately decipher these signals and some newer UT gauges can be calibrated to overcome this problem entirely.
Enough is Enough
If we are to be successful in preserving iron ships, we must accept that even a minor degree of corrosion is too much. A one-percent annual corrosion rate would perhaps have been acceptable to most ship owners a century ago, but will not achieve the goal of long-term preservation if we are looking beyond the next one-hundred years. Of course, the idea of preserving something "in perpetuity" is patently absurd unless we acknowledge the necessity of constant renewal. Yet, one of the principle values we place in these ships is the craftsmanship they exhibit, something that is not easily reproducible. Who can say what future technologies will bring to the field of maritime preservation -- perhaps a solution will be found for this dilemma, but until then, we should do all that we can to not loose our grip on what we have.
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Rust Expansion
One of the weaknesses of riveted construction is the vulnerability of plate seams to corrosion. The joints between plates and other structural members cannot be completely sealed from moisture, even in shell plates that have been caulked. The result is that, over time, corrosion can lead to expanding rust scale that draws joints apart with tremendous force, shearing rivets or pulling the heads though the plate. This can present a problem for the surveyor, as it is often difficult to tell whether rivets still have attachment. For the preservationist, removing rust scale from joints can be difficult, and sealing off the joints nearly impossible. About the only lasting solution, although a costly one, is to remove the rivets, clean out and coat the seam, and re-rivet the joint. A hermetic seal, such as the thick epoxy coatings mentioned earlier, can then be used to seal off the seam
Wood Decks on Iron Ships
Planked weather decks are a feature of most early iron ships. An ongoing conflict often exists between the maintenance needs of wooden decks and those of the surrounding ship -- wood decks are traditionally washed down with sea water to take advantage of the fungicidal properties of salt. This is robbing Peter to pay Paul in a big way because these same chlorides invariably result in corrosion of adjacent iron structures (hatch coamings, bulwarks, fittings). Wherever possible, an alternative to sea water should be used for deck maintenance. Unfortunately, some of the most effective wood preservatives are also toxic to humans. One safe alternative is sodium borate (sold as TIMBOR (R), a water-soluble preservative that is not corrosive to ferrous metals. Like any water-soluble product, sodium borate will tend to leach out of the wood over time. It therefore must be applied in an ongoing maintenance program in order to be effective.
As every wood deck that was ever laid upon a ship eventually leaks, corrosion is often found on the underlying plate or deck beams. There are few good solutions to this problem and once the corrosion has pitted the tops of beams or plates, the steel-to-wood faying surfaces become irregular and hard to seal. One solution that appears to work is the use of a soft film coating to bed the planking -- Eureka Fluid, a brand of lanolin-based anti-corrosive coating, was used in this manner during deck repairs on the ship Balclutha in the 1960s, and again in the 1980s, and appears to have been successful.
Monitoring the Rate of Corrosion
To determine the degree of success of our preservation efforts, the rate of corrosion and attendant wastage of a vessel should be monitored closely. Visual inspections should be carried out on a routine basis, with particular attention to some of the problem areas noted above. Measuring shell plate thickness is probably the single most important method for establishing the overall condition and rate of deterioration of an iron hull. The tool of choice for this is the ultrasonic caliper, which measures the thickness of metal by sending an ultrasonic signal though the material. These tools have become cheaper and more sophisticated in recent years and would be a useful addition to the maintenance tool kit of any large vessel. The process of ultrasonic testing (UT) is straightforward, but difficulties are sometimes encountered when attempting to measure some types of malleable iron plate due to imbedded layers of silicone slag. These layers tend to bounce the signal back, thereby giving only a partial reading. An experienced operator can learn to accurately decipher these signals and some newer UT gauges can be calibrated to overcome this problem entirely.
Enough is Enough
If we are to be successful in preserving iron ships, we must accept that even a minor degree of corrosion is too much. A one-percent annual corrosion rate would perhaps have been acceptable to most ship owners a century ago, but will not achieve the goal of long-term preservation if we are looking beyond the next one-hundred years. Of course, the idea of preserving something "in perpetuity" is patently absurd unless we acknowledge the necessity of constant renewal. Yet, one of the principle values we place in these ships is the craftsmanship they exhibit, something that is not easily reproducible. Who can say what future technologies will bring to the field of maritime preservation -- perhaps a solution will be found for this dilemma, but until then, we should do all that we can to not loose our grip on what we have.
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Rust Perluasan
Salah satu kelemahan konstruksi terpaku adalah kerentanan jahitan piring korosi. Sendi antara piring dan anggota struktural lainnya tidak dapat benar-benar disegel dari kelembaban, bahkan di piring shell yang telah caulked. Hasilnya adalah bahwa, dari waktu ke waktu, korosi dapat menyebabkan memperluas skala karat yang menarik sendi terpisah dengan kekuatan yang luar biasa, geser paku keling atau menarik kepala meskipun piring. Hal ini dapat menyajikan masalah bagi surveyor, karena sering sulit untuk mengatakan apakah paku keling masih memiliki keterikatan. Untuk preservationist, menghapus skala karat dari sendi bisa sulit, dan penyegelan off sendi hampir mustahil. Tentang satu-satunya solusi yang langgeng, meskipun satu mahal, adalah untuk menghapus paku keling, membersihkan dan mantel jahitan, dan re-keling sendi. Sebuah segel kedap udara, seperti pelapis epoksi tebal disebutkan sebelumnya, kemudian dapat digunakan untuk menutup jahitan
Kayu Dek di Iron Kapal
deck cuaca ditutup dengan papan adalah fitur dari kebanyakan kapal besi awal. Konflik yang sedang berlangsung sering ada antara kebutuhan pemeliharaan deck kayu dan orang-orang dari kapal sekitar - deck kayu secara tradisional dicuci dengan air laut untuk mengambil keuntungan dari sifat fungisida garam. Ini merampok Peter untuk membayar Paul di jalan besar karena ini klorida yang sama selalu menghasilkan korosi struktur yang berdekatan besi (coamings menetas, benteng, fitting). Jika memungkinkan, alternatif untuk air laut harus digunakan untuk pemeliharaan dek. Sayangnya, beberapa pengawet kayu yang paling efektif juga beracun untuk manusia. Salah satu alternatif yang aman adalah natrium borat (dijual sebagai TIMBOR (R), pengawet larut air yang tidak merusak logam-logam besi. Seperti produk yang larut dalam air, natrium borat akan cenderung untuk mencuci keluar dari kayu dari waktu ke waktu. Oleh karena itu harus diterapkan dalam program pemeliharaan agar efektif.
Karena setiap dek kayu yang pernah diletakkan pada sebuah kapal akhirnya bocor, korosi sering ditemukan pada dasar piring atau dek balok. Ada beberapa solusi yang baik untuk masalah ini dan sekali korosi telah diadu puncak balok atau pelat, baja-to-kayu permukaan faying menjadi tidak teratur dan sulit untuk menutup Salah satu solusi yang muncul untuk bekerja adalah penggunaan lapisan lembut film untuk tidur papan yang -. Eureka Fluid, merek lapisan anti-korosif berbasis lanolin, digunakan dengan cara ini selama dek perbaikan di kapal Balclutha pada tahun 1960, dan sekali lagi pada tahun 1980-an, dan tampaknya telah berhasil.
Pemantauan Tingkat Korosi
Untuk menentukan tingkat keberhasilan upaya pelestarian kami, laju korosi dan pemborosan petugas kapal harus diawasi secara ketat. Inspeksi visual harus dilakukan secara rutin, dengan perhatian khusus pada beberapa masalah daerah yang disebutkan di atas. Mengukur ketebalan plat shell mungkin metode yang paling penting untuk membangun kondisi keseluruhan dan tingkat kerusakan lambung besi. Alat pilihan untuk ini adalah caliper ultrasonik, yang mengukur ketebalan logam dengan mengirimkan sinyal ultrasonik meskipun materi. Alat-alat ini telah menjadi lebih murah dan lebih canggih dalam beberapa tahun terakhir dan akan menjadi tambahan yang berguna untuk alat pemeliharaan kit dari setiap kapal besar. Proses pengujian ultrasonik (UT) sangat mudah, tapi kadang-kadang kesulitan yang dihadapi ketika mencoba untuk mengukur beberapa jenis plat besi ditempa karena lapisan tertanam dari silikon slag. Lapisan ini cenderung untuk bangkit sinyal kembali, sehingga memberikan hanya membaca parsial. Seorang operator yang berpengalaman dapat belajar untuk secara akurat menguraikan sinyal-sinyal ini dan beberapa UT alat pengukur yang lebih baru dapat dikalibrasi untuk mengatasi masalah ini sepenuhnya.
Cukup Cukup
Jika kita ingin berhasil dalam melestarikan kapal besi, kita harus menerima bahwa bahkan tingkat kecil korosi terlalu banyak. Tingkat korosi tahunan satu persen mungkin akan diterima sebagian besar pemilik kapal abad yang lalu, tetapi tidak akan mencapai tujuan pelestarian jangka panjang jika kita mencari di luar seratus tahun ke depan. Tentu saja, gagasan melestarikan sesuatu "selama-lamanya" adalah absurd kecuali kita mengakui perlunya pembaharuan konstan. Namun, salah satu nilai prinsip kita tempatkan di kapal ini adalah keahlian mereka menunjukkan, sesuatu yang tidak mudah direproduksi. Siapa yang bisa mengatakan apa teknologi masa depan akan membawa ke bidang pelestarian maritim - mungkin solusi akan ditemukan untuk dilema ini, tapi sampai saat itu, kita harus melakukan semua yang kita bisa untuk tidak kehilangan pegangan kita pada apa yang kita miliki.
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