The main objective of this paper was to report the psy- chometric prop terjemahan - The main objective of this paper was to report the psy- chometric prop Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The main objective of this paper wa

The main objective of this paper was to report the psy- chometric properties of the Spanish version of the MMAS-8 in a sample of outpatients with psychiatric disorders. The

Bipolar

Schizophrenia

Depression

Anxiety

Personality

MMAS-8 scale is relatively simple and practical to use in

Low Medium High

Figure 1 Levels of adherence to treatment in different men- tal disorder diagnosis groups.

mental health clinical settings. Leaving aside the prob- lems inherent to Likert-type scales, which can confound some results (i.e., Hartley, 2014), the MMAS-8 scale showed adequate construct validity, with a clear trend toward aone-factor solution; all the items contributed to the final index of adherence. However, Item 7, the only item related to emotions about drug adherence (instead of behavioral adherence) did not clearly fall within the one-factor struc- ture, perhaps because it is more related to attitudes toward medication than to behaviors directly related to adher- ence. More specific analyses should be conducted about this.
As regards criterion validity, the scale showed significant correlations with positive attitudes of patients toward their treatment, revealing that as patients become more satis- fied with their medication they start to better understand how the treatment is helping them and increase their adher- ence. Differential validity showed an increase in adherence as patients aged, and patients exhibited a higher adherence to longer treatments. This latter fact should be under- stood as a post hoc effect when evaluating intentional groups. In other words, we did not assess a sample over time and note that treatment adherence decreased over time; instead, we used a cross-sectional study to evalu- ate patients receiving medical treatment who continued attending consultations to follow their treatment. This is particularly clear in patients with the most chronic disor- ders: bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, who realize that regular attendance to consultations is a way of better man- aging their disease.
We did not observe any relationships between gender, education level or complexity of treatment and non- adherence in our sample, probably as a result of the particular characteristics of the type of sample studied. Moreover, the MMAS-8 was able to differentiate between the different mental disorder diagnosis groups. As regards convergent validity, locus of control exhibited distinctive correlation patterns with adherence and psychological reac- tance was negatively correlated with adherence. Results confirmed that psychiatric outpatients with higher psycho- logical reactance (both affective and cognitive) were more likely to be non-adherent than patients with lower levels of psychological reactance. Individuals with low reactance generally follow instructions and advice, while individ- uals with high reactance frequently confront any guidance or assistance. People with high psychological reactance typically tend to focus on their own resources, personal deci- sions and initiatives (i.e., internal attribution of change),


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The main objective of this paper was to report the psy- chometric properties of the Spanish version of the MMAS-8 in a sample of outpatients with psychiatric disorders. The Bipolar Schizophrenia Depression Anxiety Personality MMAS-8 scale is relatively simple and practical to use in Low Medium HighFigure 1 Levels of adherence to treatment in different men- tal disorder diagnosis groups. mental health clinical settings. Leaving aside the prob- lems inherent to Likert-type scales, which can confound some results (i.e., Hartley, 2014), the MMAS-8 scale showed adequate construct validity, with a clear trend toward aone-factor solution; all the items contributed to the final index of adherence. However, Item 7, the only item related to emotions about drug adherence (instead of behavioral adherence) did not clearly fall within the one-factor struc- ture, perhaps because it is more related to attitudes toward medication than to behaviors directly related to adher- ence. More specific analyses should be conducted about this.As regards criterion validity, the scale showed significant correlations with positive attitudes of patients toward their treatment, revealing that as patients become more satis- fied with their medication they start to better understand how the treatment is helping them and increase their adher- ence. Differential validity showed an increase in adherence as patients aged, and patients exhibited a higher adherence to longer treatments. This latter fact should be under- stood as a post hoc effect when evaluating intentional groups. In other words, we did not assess a sample over time and note that treatment adherence decreased over time; instead, we used a cross-sectional study to evalu- ate patients receiving medical treatment who continued attending consultations to follow their treatment. This is particularly clear in patients with the most chronic disor- ders: bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, who realize that regular attendance to consultations is a way of better man- aging their disease.We did not observe any relationships between gender, education level or complexity of treatment and non- adherence in our sample, probably as a result of the particular characteristics of the type of sample studied. Moreover, the MMAS-8 was able to differentiate between the different mental disorder diagnosis groups. As regards convergent validity, locus of control exhibited distinctive correlation patterns with adherence and psychological reac- tance was negatively correlated with adherence. Results confirmed that psychiatric outpatients with higher psycho- logical reactance (both affective and cognitive) were more likely to be non-adherent than patients with lower levels of psychological reactance. Individuals with low reactance generally follow instructions and advice, while individ- uals with high reactance frequently confront any guidance or assistance. People with high psychological reactance typically tend to focus on their own resources, personal deci- sions and initiatives (i.e., internal attribution of change),
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Tujuan utama dari makalah ini adalah untuk melaporkan sifat chometric psy- dari versi Spanyol dari MMAS-8 dalam sampel pasien rawat jalan dengan gangguan kejiwaan. The Bipolar Skizofrenia Depresi Kecemasan Kepribadian MMAS-8 skala relatif sederhana dan praktis untuk digunakan dalam Rendah Sedang Tinggi Gambar 1 Tingkat kepatuhan terhadap pengobatan di tal kelompok diagnosis gangguan men- berbeda. Pengaturan kesehatan mental klinis. Mengesampingkan masalah-masalah yang melekat dengan skala Likert-jenis, yang dapat mengacaukan beberapa hasil (yaitu, Hartley, 2014), yang MMAS-8 skala menunjukkan validitas konstruk yang memadai, dengan tren yang jelas ke arah solusi aone-faktor; semua item berkontribusi indeks fi nal kepatuhan. Namun, Item 7, satu-satunya item yang berkaitan dengan emosi tentang kepatuhan obat (bukan kepatuhan perilaku) tidak jelas masuk dalam salah satu faktor struk- tur, mungkin karena lebih berkaitan dengan sikap terhadap obat daripada perilaku yang berkaitan langsung dengan adher - ence. Lebih spesifik analisis harus dilakukan tentang hal ini. Mengenai validitas kriteria, skala menunjukkan signifikan korelasi fi kan dengan sikap positif pasien terhadap pengobatan mereka, mengungkapkan bahwa sebagai pasien menjadi lebih satis- fi ed dengan pengobatan mereka mereka mulai untuk lebih memahami bagaimana pengobatan membantu mereka dan meningkatkan ketaatan mereka. Validitas diferensial menunjukkan peningkatan kepatuhan sebagai pasien berusia, dan pasien dipamerkan kepatuhan yang lebih tinggi untuk perawatan lebih lama. Fakta terakhir ini harus dipahami sebagai efek post hoc ketika mengevaluasi kelompok disengaja. Dengan kata lain, kita tidak menilai sampel dari waktu ke waktu dan mencatat bahwa kepatuhan pengobatan menurun dari waktu ke waktu; sebaliknya, kami menggunakan studi cross-sectional untuk mengevaluasi pasien yang menerima perawatan medis yang terus menghadiri konsultasi mengikuti pengobatan mereka. Hal ini terutama jelas pada pasien dengan ders disor- paling kronis:. Gangguan bipolar dan skizofrenia, yang menyadari bahwa kehadiran rutin untuk konsultasi adalah cara yang lebih baik mandat penuaan penyakit mereka Kami tidak mengamati hubungan antara jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan atau kompleksitas pengobatan dan kepatuhan non dalam sampel kami, mungkin sebagai akibat dari karakteristik tertentu dari jenis sampel yang diteliti. Selain itu, MMAS-8 mampu membedakan antara kelompok diagnosis gangguan mental yang berbeda. Mengenai validitas konvergen, locus of control dipamerkan pola korelasi khas dengan kepatuhan dan psikologis dikan reaksi berkorelasi negatif dengan kepatuhan. Hasil con fi rmed yang rawat jalan psikiatri dengan reaktansi psikologis yang lebih tinggi (baik afektif dan kognitif) lebih mungkin untuk menjadi tidak patuh dibandingkan pasien dengan tingkat yang lebih rendah dari reaktansi psikologis. Individu dengan reaktansi rendah umumnya mengikuti petunjuk dan saran, sementara para individu dengan reaktansi tinggi sering menghadapi setiap bimbingan atau bantuan. Orang dengan reaktansi psikologis yang tinggi biasanya cenderung berfokus pada sumber daya sendiri, keputusan-keputusan pribadi mereka dan inisiatif (yaitu, atribusi internal perubahan),






















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