3.6.5. Multivariate analyses using country meansIn this subsection, we terjemahan - 3.6.5. Multivariate analyses using country meansIn this subsection, we Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

3.6.5. Multivariate analyses using

3.6.5. Multivariate analyses using country means
In this subsection, we use annual country-level means of the firm-specific variables in our regression equations.Using country-level averages has two advantages. First, it eliminates the disproportionate representation of countries like the US, UK, and Japan. This mitigates the possibility of our results being driven by a subset of countries, in addition to those identified on an ex ante basis in Panel C. Second, using country-level means also mitigates potential problems from within-country correlated residuals. For all regressions, we use an OLS frame-work and include year fixed effects with country-level clustered errors.We report the country-level mean results in Panel E of Table 11. Similar to Panels A and B, we include various institutional features as additional controls. The CR coefficient estimates are positive and significant at the
10% level in all 20 regressions.In summary, all of the robustness tests confirm our
previous empirical results. Consistent with the substitute hypothesis, there is a positive and significant relation between creditor rights and dividend payouts
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3.6.5. Multivariate analyses using country meansIn this subsection, we use annual country-level means of the firm-specific variables in our regression equations.Using country-level averages has two advantages. First, it eliminates the disproportionate representation of countries like the US, UK, and Japan. This mitigates the possibility of our results being driven by a subset of countries, in addition to those identified on an ex ante basis in Panel C. Second, using country-level means also mitigates potential problems from within-country correlated residuals. For all regressions, we use an OLS frame-work and include year fixed effects with country-level clustered errors.We report the country-level mean results in Panel E of Table 11. Similar to Panels A and B, we include various institutional features as additional controls. The CR coefficient estimates are positive and significant at the10% level in all 20 regressions.In summary, all of the robustness tests confirm ourprevious empirical results. Consistent with the substitute hypothesis, there is a positive and significant relation between creditor rights and dividend payouts
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3.6.5. Analisis multivariat menggunakan negara berarti
Dalam ayat ini, kita menggunakan cara-cara negara-tingkat tahunan variabel spesifik perusahaan dalam regresi kami equations.Using rata-rata tingkat negara memiliki dua keuntungan. Pertama, menghilangkan representasi proporsional negara-negara seperti Amerika Serikat, Inggris, dan Jepang. Ini meringankan kemungkinan hasil kami didorong oleh subset dari negara, di samping mereka diidentifikasi secara ex ante di Panel C. Kedua, menggunakan tingkat negara berarti juga meringankan potensi masalah dari dalam negara berkorelasi residual. Untuk semua regresi, kita menggunakan kerangka kerja OLS dan termasuk tahun efek tetap dengan tingkat negara berkerumun errors.We melaporkan tingkat negara hasil rata-rata di Panel E Tabel 11. Mirip dengan Panel A dan B, kami menyertakan berbagai fitur kelembagaan kontrol sebagai tambahan. CR estimasi koefisien yang positif dan signifikan pada
tingkat 10% di semua 20 Ringkasan regressions.In, semua tes ketahanan mengkonfirmasi kami
hasil empiris sebelumnya. Konsisten dengan hipotesis pengganti, ada hubungan positif dan signifikan antara hak kreditur dan pembayaran dividen
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