from additional regulatory inspections, which imply somewhat lower emi terjemahan - from additional regulatory inspections, which imply somewhat lower emi Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

from additional regulatory inspecti

from additional regulatory inspections, which imply somewhat lower emissions. They also report that regulatory actions, such as local stringency of air pollution limits, are associated with higher levels of efficiency. The latter result suggests that such activities could be stressed by policy with limited productivity consequences.
Donald Vitaliano and Gregory Stella provide direct empirical evidence on the productivity impact of CSR, based on assessment of a key piece of social legislation in the banking industry. The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 established an elaborate, on-going system of social rating for banks. The data allow the authors to identify whether a bank achieves a social rating of “outstanding” with respect to their lending practices, which is defined as an act of voluntary CSR since such companies are deemed to be going beyond compliance, consistent with McWilliams and Siegel (2001).
The authors estimate a data envelopment analysis (DEA) cost minimization model to analyze the relationship between such CSR ratings and productivity. Interestingly, they report no difference in technical efficiency between banks that receive an outstanding rating and those that receive a satisfactory rating. However, cost efficiency does differ between CSR and non-CSR banks. An outstanding rating involves annual extra costs of $7.4 million, or 1.3% of total costs, which the authors interpret as the shadow price of CSR since it is not based on measured output production or input use. Further, firms appear to recoup the additional cost of being socially responsible. That is, the findings suggest that pre- and after-tax rates of return are equivalent for banks receiving outstanding and satisfactory ratings.
Wendy Chapple, Catherine Morrison Paul, and Richard Harris empirically analyze the cost and input use impacts of voluntary waste minimization, which is viewed as a form of environmental CSR. Their empirical analysis is based on the Annual Business Inquiry
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from additional regulatory inspections, which imply somewhat lower emissions. They also report that regulatory actions, such as local stringency of air pollution limits, are associated with higher levels of efficiency. The latter result suggests that such activities could be stressed by policy with limited productivity consequences.Donald Vitaliano and Gregory Stella provide direct empirical evidence on the productivity impact of CSR, based on assessment of a key piece of social legislation in the banking industry. The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 established an elaborate, on-going system of social rating for banks. The data allow the authors to identify whether a bank achieves a social rating of “outstanding” with respect to their lending practices, which is defined as an act of voluntary CSR since such companies are deemed to be going beyond compliance, consistent with McWilliams and Siegel (2001).The authors estimate a data envelopment analysis (DEA) cost minimization model to analyze the relationship between such CSR ratings and productivity. Interestingly, they report no difference in technical efficiency between banks that receive an outstanding rating and those that receive a satisfactory rating. However, cost efficiency does differ between CSR and non-CSR banks. An outstanding rating involves annual extra costs of $7.4 million, or 1.3% of total costs, which the authors interpret as the shadow price of CSR since it is not based on measured output production or input use. Further, firms appear to recoup the additional cost of being socially responsible. That is, the findings suggest that pre- and after-tax rates of return are equivalent for banks receiving outstanding and satisfactory ratings.Wendy Chapple, Catherine Morrison Paul, and Richard Harris empirically analyze the cost and input use impacts of voluntary waste minimization, which is viewed as a form of environmental CSR. Their empirical analysis is based on the Annual Business Inquiry
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dari inspeksi peraturan tambahan, yang menyiratkan emisi sedikit lebih rendah. Mereka juga melaporkan bahwa tindakan regulasi, seperti ketatnya lokal batas polusi udara, terkait dengan tingkat yang lebih tinggi efisiensi. Hasil terakhir menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan tersebut dapat ditekankan oleh kebijakan dengan konsekuensi produktivitas yang terbatas.
Donald Vitaliano dan Gregory Stella memberikan bukti empiris langsung tentang dampak produktivitas CSR, berdasarkan penilaian dari bagian kunci dari undang-undang sosial di industri perbankan. Komunitas Reinvestasi Act of 1977 didirikan rumit, berlangsung sistem dari sosial bagi bank. Data memungkinkan penulis untuk mengidentifikasi apakah bank mencapai peringkat sosial "luar biasa" sehubungan dengan praktik pemberian pinjaman, yang didefinisikan sebagai tindakan CSR sukarela karena perusahaan tersebut dianggap melampaui kepatuhan, konsisten dengan McWilliams dan Siegel (2001).
Para penulis memperkirakan analisis data envelopment (DEA) Model minimisasi biaya untuk menganalisis hubungan antara peringkat seperti CSR dan produktivitas. Menariknya, mereka melaporkan tidak ada perbedaan dalam efisiensi teknis antara bank yang menerima rating yang luar biasa dan orang-orang yang menerima peringkat yang memuaskan. Namun, efisiensi biaya tidak berbeda antara CSR dan bank non-CSR. Rating yang luar biasa melibatkan biaya tambahan tahunan $ 7.400.000, atau 1,3% dari total biaya, yang penulis menafsirkan sebagai harga bayangan CSR karena tidak didasarkan pada produksi keluaran diukur atau penggunaan input. Selanjutnya, perusahaan muncul untuk menutup biaya tambahan yang bertanggung jawab secara sosial. Artinya, temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pra dan setelah pajak pengembalian yang setara untuk bank menerima penilaian yang luar biasa dan memuaskan.
Wendy Chapple, Catherine Morrison Paul, dan Richard Harris secara empiris menganalisis dampak biaya dan penggunaan input dari minimalisasi limbah sukarela, yang dipandang sebagai bentuk CSR lingkungan. Analisis empiris mereka didasarkan pada Tahunan Bisnis Kirim
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