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The best economics-oriented papers generated from this workshop were selected for this special issue, after an additional round of reviews. These studies address two critical themes of the economics of CSR: (1) methodological issues relating to productivity measurement when “bad” outputs that impose social costs are jointly produced with good or marketable outputs; and (2) empirical relationships between environmental and social regulation/performance and economic performance/productivity. In addition, all but one of the articles in this special issue are based on establishment-level data, which is generally regarded as more appropriate for productivity measurement than firm-level data. In the remainder of our introduction to this special issue, we provide a brief summary of each of these studies in the context of the economics of CSR and CSR impacts on productivity and costs.Ronald Shadbegian and Wayne Gray analyze the relationships among environmental performance, productivity, and regulatory activity. The authors link confidential U.S. databases from the Census Bureau (the Longitudinal Research Database, which contains detailed production data, and the Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures survey) and the EPA (the National Emissions Inventory, the Permit Compliance System, the Toxic Release Inventory, and the Compliance Data System).The authors estimate a stochastic frontier production function model, based on establishment-level data from the pulp and paper, oil, and steel industries. The results show fairly substantial deviations of production from the efficient frontier, which depend on actions affecting environmental degradation. In particular, technical efficiency is lower for older than younger establishments, although both have roughly the same level of environmental performance as proxied by emissions. Efficiency is also lower for establishments that spend more on pollution abatement. However, negligible production efficiency effects appear to result6
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