Impact on the natural resources Let C4 indicate the evaluation of the  terjemahan - Impact on the natural resources Let C4 indicate the evaluation of the  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Impact on the natural resources Let

Impact on the natural resources
Let C4 indicate the evaluation of the annual impact of maintenance management ineffectiveness on the natural resources exploited by OG. Figure 1 [Figure omitted. See Article Image.] shows that all the units emit residual gas, which is sent towards the Compression unit, which then recuperates the residual gas and re-injects it into the wells of oil production in order to maintain their pressures. However, any stoppage of a unit implies the flaring of this residual gas since it cannot be stored. This flaring, in addition to being a waste of gas resources, has a negative impact on health as well as on the environment. On the basis of annual reports of OG and CS, the volume of flared gas CS generates every year following unplanned stoppages, is evaluated at 0.15 billion m 3 . For an average gas export price of 0.235 US$/m3 , the financial evaluation of the natural resources (gas) lost every year following unplanned stoppages is: Equation 5 [Figure omitted. See Article Image.]
Environment related taxes
Let C5 be the amount of taxes that CS must pay for gas emission. The government imposes a tax of 0.1 US$ per m3 of flared gas. Thus the amount of fees that CS must pay every year for flaring gas isC5 =0.15×109 m3 × 0.1 US$/m3 = 15,000,000US$.
According to the above, maintenance management ineffectiveness in the CS plant costs the OG group an annual financial loss estimated at: Equation 6 [Figure omitted. See Article Image.]
This loss (566.3 million US$) is roughly equivalent to 13 per cent of the sales turnover, which comes from the CS plant.
The intended aim of evaluating the economic impact of maintenance ineffectiveness is to increase top management's awareness of the importance of improvement maintenance effectiveness. But, this improvement requires identifying specific problem areas requiring top management's attention. The objective of the following section is to identify the causes, which generate the ineffectiveness of maintenance management.
Maintenance system auditing
Improving the effectiveness of maintenance within CS starts with describing the situation prevailing. This description highlights the dysfunctions of the maintenance system. Then it will be possible to identify the areas of improvement in the maintenance system. For this purpose, using the audit approach is appropriate. To do that, the steps followed, are discussed below.
Step 1: Questionnaire
The questionnaire includes 303 questions distributed through 12 factors in relation to the effectiveness of maintenance management. These factors were:
Continuous improvement (23 questions).
Financial aspect (20 questions).
Human resources (24 questions).
Information management and CMMS (20 questions).
Maintenance approach (52 questions).
Material means (27 questions).
Organisation (29 questions).
Policy deployment (17 questions).
Relation with exploitation (34 questions).
Spare parts management (17 questions).
Task planning and scheduling (23 questions).
Training (17 questions).
These key-elements were deduced primarily from those quoted by [4] Cholasuke et al. (2004), with three adjustments, appropriate to CS context. These adjustments were:
We have divided the factor "Policy deployment and organization" into two elements: "Policy deployment" and "organisation". The aim of this separation was to find out if there is a need for the new organizational-chart that the maintenance management wants to set up to improve maintenance effectiveness.
We have incorporated the factor "Contracting out maintenance" in "Policy deployment".
We have added three other factors. The first one was "Relation of maintenance to exploitation". This element is explained by the organization of the CS plant, which distinguishes between maintenance management and exploitation management. This type of independence between the two managements can be a cause of maintenance ineffectiveness in case the level of cooperation between maintenance and exploitation is low. The second factor was "Material means". Indeed, the management of maintenance has to intervene in all the fields of exploitation, which cover geographically more than 2000 km 2 , and requires a significant amount of supplies and equipment to intervene in an effective manner when an unplanned stoppage occurs. The third added factor is training. We showed previously that a high number of industrial accidents happened in maintenance department. Training have a significant role to play in decreasing this latter number and thus improving maintenance effectiveness in general.
Step 2: Collecting information
In order to identify the existing problems in CS's maintenance system, we carried out interviews in various units of CS. In each unit, we interviewed the head of maintenance service, three engineers (mechanicals, instrumentation and power) selected randomly, and three maintenance team heads (mechanicals, instrumentation and electromechanics), also selected randomly. On an average, the duration of each interview was three hours and consisted of filling out the designed a questionnaire.
Step 3: Results
The interviews give score for each question. Consequently, each factor obtains an average score. The ideal score for each factor is 100. The results of the audit can be plotted in polygraph as illustrated in Figure 11 [Figure omitted. See Article Image.]. Each axis in the polygraph represents one of the key elements mentioned above. The scores obtained for each unit of CS plant are represented by separate polygraph in Figure 11 [Figure omitted. See Article Image.]. For example, the Treatment unit obtains:
- Continuous improvement (52/100).
- Financial aspect (18/100).
- Human resources (77/100).
- Information management and CMMS (43/100).
- Maintenance approach (58/100).
- Material means (70/100).
- Organisation (86/100).
- Policy deployment (82/100).
- Relation with exploitation (60/100).
- Spare parts management (56/100).
- Task planning and scheduling (50/100).
- Training (59/100).
Based on scores earned, it becomes easy to classify axes according to their degree of need for improvement. Table VIII [Figure omitted. See Article Image.] presents, in descending order, the axes that require attention from top management. The first axis that must be improved is the financial aspect. Indeed, the CS plant needs an effective system of maintenance costing. Such a system should not have only a historical interest but a strategic interest as well; it should allow an optimisation of the resources used not only by the maintenance process but also used globally by CS plant. This system, should not only address problems of the current situation, but also encourage the continuous improvements.
In order to serve the definition of an improvement action plan by top management, we give below a list of the insufficiencies observed in all the units of CS, classed depending on the results of the maintenance audit.
0/5000
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
Dampak pada sumber daya alam Biarkan C4 menunjukkan evaluasi dampak tahunan pemeliharaan ketidakefektifan manajemen pada sumber daya alam yang dimanfaatkan oleh OG. Gambar 1 [angka dihilangkan. Lihat artikel gambar.] menunjukkan bahwa semua unit memancarkan gas sisa, yang dikirim ke unit kompresi, yang kemudian recuperates gas sisa dan kembali menyuntikkan ke sumur produksi minyak untuk menjaga tekanan mereka. Namun, setiap penghentian unit menyiratkan pembakaran gas sisa ini karena itu tidak dapat disimpan. Pembakaran ini, selain menjadi pemborosan sumber daya gas, memiliki dampak negatif pada kesehatan serta lingkungan. Berdasarkan laporan tahunan OG dan CS, volume gas menyala CS menghasilkan setiap tahun setelah penghentian tidak direncanakan, dievaluasi 0,15 miliar m 3. Untuk harga ekspor gas rata-rata US$ / m3 0,235, evaluasi keuangan sumber daya alam (gas) hilang setiap tahun setelah penghentian tidak direncanakan adalah: persamaan 5 [angka dihilangkan. Lihat artikel gambar.] Lingkungan pajak yang terkait Biarkan C5 jumlah pajak yang CS harus membayar untuk emisi gas. Pemerintah membebankan pajak sebesar US$ 0,1 per m3 gas menyala. Dengan demikian jumlah biaya CS harus membayar setiap tahun untuk pembakaran gas isC5 = 0,15 × 109 m3 × 0.1 US$ / m3 = 15.000, 000US$. Menurut ketidakefektifan manajemen perawatan di atas, dalam biaya tanaman CS OG kelompok kerugian finansial tahunan yang diperkirakan: persamaan 6 [angka dihilangkan. Lihat artikel gambar.] Kerugian ini (566.3 juta US$) kira-kira setara dengan 13 persen dari omset penjualan, yang berasal dari tanaman CS. Tujuan dimaksudkan untuk mengevaluasi dampak ekonomi ketidakefektifan pemeliharaan adalah untuk meningkatkan manajemen puncak kesadaran akan pentingnya peningkatan efektivitas perawatan. Namun, peningkatan ini membutuhkan mengidentifikasi area masalah tertentu yang memerlukan perhatian manajemen puncak. Tujuan dari bagian berikut adalah untuk mengidentifikasi penyebab, yang menghasilkan ketidakefektifan manajemen pemeliharaan. Pemeliharaan sistem audit Meningkatkan efektivitas perawatan dalam CS dimulai dengan menggambarkan situasi yang berlaku. Deskripsi ini menyoroti disfungsi sistem pemeliharaan. Maka akan mungkin untuk mengidentifikasi daerah-daerah perbaikan dalam sistem pemeliharaan. Untuk tujuan ini, menggunakan pendekatan audit tepat. Untuk melakukan itu, langkah-langkah yang diikuti, yang dibahas di bawah ini. Langkah 1: kuesioner Kuesioner termasuk pertanyaan 303 didistribusikan melalui 12 faktor dalam hubungannya dengan efektivitas pemeliharaan manajemen. Faktor-faktor ini adalah: Perbaikan terus-menerus (23 pertanyaan). Aspek keuangan (20 pertanyaan). Sumber daya manusia (24 pertanyaan). Manajemen informasi dan CMMS (20 pertanyaan). Pemeliharaan pendekatan (52 pertanyaan). Bahan berarti (27 pertanyaan). Organisasi (29 pertanyaan). Kebijakan penggunaan (17 pertanyaan). Hubungan dengan eksploitasi (34 pertanyaan). Suku cadang manajemen (17 pertanyaan). Tugas perencanaan dan penjadwalan (23 pertanyaan). Pelatihan (17 pertanyaan). Elemen kunci yang disimpulkan terutama dari orang-orang yang dikutip oleh [4] Cholasuke et al. (2004), dengan tiga penyesuaian, sesuai dengan konteks CS. Penyesuaian ini adalah: Kami telah dibagi faktor "kebijakan penggunaan dan organisasi" menjadi dua elemen: "Kebijakan penggunaan" dan "organisasi". Tujuan dari pemisahan ini adalah untuk mengetahui jika ada kebutuhan untuk baru-bagan organisasi yang dibentuk untuk meningkatkan efektivitas pemeliharaan maintenance management. Kami telah memasukkan faktor "Pihak pemeliharaan" di "Kebijakan penggunaan". Kami telah menambahkan tiga faktor-faktor lain. Yang pertama adalah "Hubungan pemeliharaan untuk eksploitasi". Elemen ini dijelaskan oleh organisasi CS tanaman, yang membedakan antara pemeliharaan manajemen dan manajemen eksploitasi. Kemerdekaan antara manajemen dua jenis ini dapat menjadi penyebab ketidakefektifan pemeliharaan dalam hal tingkat kerjasama pemeliharaan dan eksploitasi rendah. Faktor yang kedua adalah "Bahan sarana". Memang, pengelolaan pemeliharaan harus ikut campur dalam semua bidang eksploitasi, yang mencakup geografis lebih dari 2000 km 2, dan memerlukan sejumlah perlengkapan dan peralatan untuk campur tangan secara efektif ketika terjadi penghentian tidak direncanakan. Ketiga menambahkan faktor pelatihan. Kami sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa sejumlah besar kecelakaan industri terjadi di Departemen pemeliharaan. Pelatihan memiliki peran penting untuk bermain di penurunan angka terakhir ini dan dengan demikian meningkatkan efektivitas perawatan secara umum. Langkah 2: Mengumpulkan informasi Untuk mengidentifikasi masalah yang ada di CS's pemeliharaan sistem, kami melakukan wawancara di berbagai unit dari CS. Dalam setiap unit, kami mewawancarai kepala pelayanan pemeliharaan, tiga insinyur (tukang logam, instrumentasi dan kekuatan) dipilih secara acak, dan tiga pemeliharaan tim kepala (tukang logam, instrumentasi dan electromechanics), juga dipilih secara acak. Pada rata-rata, durasi setiap wawancara adalah tiga jam dan terdiri dari mengisi dirancang kuesioner. Langkah 3: hasil Wawancara memberikan Skor untuk setiap pertanyaan. Akibatnya, setiap faktor memperoleh nilai rata-rata. Skor ideal untuk setiap faktor adalah 100. Hasil audit dapat diplot di kebohongan seperti yang diilustrasikan pada gambar 11 [angka dihilangkan. Lihat artikel gambar.]. Setiap sumbu di kebohongan merupakan salah satu elemen-elemen kunci yang disebutkan di atas. Nilai yang diperoleh untuk setiap unit CS tanaman yang diwakili oleh kebohongan yang terpisah pada gambar 11 [angka dihilangkan. Lihat artikel gambar.]. Sebagai contoh, unit perawatan memperoleh: -Continuous improvement (52/100). -Aspek keuangan (18/100). -Sumber daya manusia (77/100). -Informasi manajemen dan CMMS (43/100). -Maintenance pendekatan (58/100). -Bahan berarti (70/100). -Organisasi (86/100). -Kebijakan penggunaan (82/100). -Hubungan dengan eksploitasi (60/100). -Suku cadang manajemen (56/100). -Tugas perencanaan dan penjadwalan (50/100). -Pelatihan (59/100). Based on scores earned, it becomes easy to classify axes according to their degree of need for improvement. Table VIII [Figure omitted. See Article Image.] presents, in descending order, the axes that require attention from top management. The first axis that must be improved is the financial aspect. Indeed, the CS plant needs an effective system of maintenance costing. Such a system should not have only a historical interest but a strategic interest as well; it should allow an optimisation of the resources used not only by the maintenance process but also used globally by CS plant. This system, should not only address problems of the current situation, but also encourage the continuous improvements. In order to serve the definition of an improvement action plan by top management, we give below a list of the insufficiencies observed in all the units of CS, classed depending on the results of the maintenance audit.
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