OligopolyA market in which there are only a few large sellers but many terjemahan - OligopolyA market in which there are only a few large sellers but many Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

OligopolyA market in which there ar

Oligopoly
A market in which there are only a few large sellers but many buyers, and that is characterized by limited or intermittent price competition. Each producer must consider the effect of a price change on the actions of the other producers. A cut in price by one may lead to an equal reduction by the others,with reaction approximately the same share of the market as before but at a lower profit margin. Therefore, the main forms of competition consist of advertising and product differentiation. Oligopolistic firms tend to be large and require significant capital investment to achieve economic of scale.
Pure monopoly
A market in which there is only one producer but many buyers and no substitute for that producer's product or service, which enables the single producer to exercise considerable power over the price, quantity, and quality of the product. Since a monopolist is the sole provider of a desired commodity, the monopolist is the industry. The absence of competition usually means that the consumer has to pay higher prices that would prevail with competition. The goal of monopolist is to maximize profits.
Profit-maximizing decision rules are relatively simple and straight forward in the cases of perfect competition, monopolistic competition, and monopoly. Under oligopoly, however, the rules become much more complex, almost to the point of being indeterminate.
However, only in oligopoly and monopoly markets is there real opportunity for 'super-normal' profits, in excess of what is required to stay in business. In all these models competition is a major determinant of profit potential and therefore objectives must be set with competitors in mind. In a monopoly (again somewhat theoretical in a pure sense) excess profits could be made if government did not act as a restraint.
Stakeholder Theory
Some writers have said that the overriding purpose of management is maximize stockholder wealth. R. Edward Freeman, author of a book on stakeholder management (1984), defines stakeholders as any group or individual who can affect, or is affected by, the performance of the organization. Newbould and Luffman (1979) divide the major stakeholders into four groups, arguing that their individual objectives suggest seperate criteria for assessing the viability of particular strategies.
The four groups are the shareholders who finance the business, the managers who manage it, the employees who work for it, and the economy (buyers, suppliers, and the groups represent the wider economic interests of the country). Newbould and Luffman argue that current and future strategies are affected by:
• external pressures from the marketplace, including competitors, buyers and suppliers; shareholders; pressure groups; and government;
• internal pressures from existing commitments, managers, employees and their trade unions;
• the personal ethical and moral perspectives of senior managers.
Given this view, the task of management becomes on of satisfying stakeholders' wants and needs and of managing the relationships between, and often conflicting demands of, various stakeholders. It is important to establish priorities amongst the several and varied stakeholders and objectives.
Cyert And March's Behavioural Theory
Cyert and March (1963) argue that the goals of an organization are a compromise between members of a coalition comprising the parties affecting an organization. Therefore, this theory is closely related to stakeholder theory. Cyert and March say that there are essentially five directional pulls to consider:
• production related, and encapsulating stable employment, ease of control and scheduling;
• inventory related - customers and salesmen push for high stocks and wide choice, management accountants complain about the cost of too much stock;
• sales related - obtaining and satisfying orders;
• market share, which yields power relative to competitors;
• profit, which concerns shareholders, senior management and the providers of loan capital.
This theory stresses the perceived importance of the short term, as opposed to the long term, because issues are more tangible and because decisions have to be taken as situations change.
Developing these themes Herbert Simon (1964) makes an important distinction between objectives and constraints. He further contends that one of the main reasons for an organization's collapse is a failure to incorporate the important motivational concerns of key stakeholders.
Other Theories Of The Firm
A number of other authors have offered theories in an attempt to explain the behaviour of organization and the objectives they seek.
Baumol: Sales maximization.
Baumol (1959) argues that firms seek to maximize sales rather than profits, but within the constraint of a minimum acceptable profit level.
Williamson's model managerial discretion.
Williamson (1964) argues that managers can set their own objectives, that these will be different from those of shareholders and that managerial satisfaction is the key. Satisfaction increases if profits exceed the level required for the essential development of the business.
Marris's theory of managerial capitalism.
Marris (1964) postulates growth as a key concern, as managers derive utility from growth in the form of enhanced salaries, power and status.
Penrose's theory of growth.
Penrose (1959) argues that an organization will seek to achieve the full potential from all its resources. Firms grow as long as there are unused resources, diversifying when they can no longer grow with existing products, services and markets. Growth continues until it is halted. Changes can free the limit, and growth continues until the next limiting factor appears. In a climate of reasonably constant growth and change managers learn how to cope with the dynamics of change.
Galbraith's views on technocracy.
Galbraith (1969) describes the role of large corporations. These corporations seek to control their environment as far as they possibly can, influencing both government and consumer. In turn, the corporations are controlled by "technocrats" - teams of powerful experts and specialists. Their purposes are firstly to protect as well as control the organization, and hence they seek financial security and profit. A price competition is not seen to be in their interests, and therefore aggressive marketing and non-price competition is stressed. Galbraith has identified the growth of "countervailing power" to limit this technocracy (the growth of trade unions it the past is an example of this).
Profit As An Objective
Ackoff argues that both profit and growth are means to other ends rather than objectives in themselves. He argues that profit is necessary for the survival of a business enterprise but is neither the reason for which the business is formed nor the reason why it stays in existence.
Therefore, Ackoff contends "those who manage organizations do so primarily to provide themselves with the quality of work life and standard of living they desire... their behaviour can be better understood by assuming this than by assuming that their objective is to maximize profit or growth."
However, in many respects it does no matter whether profit is seen as an objective or as a means of providing service and satisfaction to stakeholders, as long as both are considered and not seen as mutually exclusive. If profits are seen as a means to stakeholder satisfaction one could argue that service to stakeholders should be seen as the objective, and profit as the measure of success.
The Influence Of Shareholders
The view is widely held by Constable and others that too many companies are encouraged to seek short-term profits in order to please their major shareholders, and the it is only by considering the long term and the interests of all stakeholders that companies will become more effective competitors in world markets.
Constable contrasts two sets of objectives, ranked in order of priority:
Company A Company B
1. Maintenance and growth of market share Return on net assets, 1-3 year time horizon
2. Cash flow Maintenance and growth of employment
3. Maintenance and growth of market share Cash flow
4. Maintenance and growth of employment Return on net assets
He contends that company B is likely to grow at the expense of company A, and that these objective sets, A and B, are essentially those adopted by large UK and Japanese companies. To suggest that Japanese success rests solely on a particular set of objectives is oversimplifying reality, but it has certainty contributed.
Therefore, all stakeholders should be considered and consulted; priorities should be expressed; and crucially the objectives should be disseminated throughout the organization.
Each of the theories discussed in this section provides food for thought, but individually none of them explains fully where the organization is going and considering why. Each can be appropriate in certain circumstances and lead to high performance; in different circumstances they might be the wrong strategy. Therefore, it is useful emphasize the key role of the strategic leader, and his values, in establishing the main objectives and the direction in which he takes the organization.
There is no right or wrong list of priorities. However, whilst priorities can and will be established, all stakeholders must be satisfied to some minimum level. Moreover, in the final analysis the essential requirement is congruence between environment, values and resources.
Developing Appropriate Organizational Objectives
After the organizational mission has been developed, appropriate organizational objectives must be formulated.
Peter Drucker stated, that the basic requirements for successfully objective are:
1. Objectives must be derived from "what our business is, what it will be, and what it should be."
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OligopolyA market in which there are only a few large sellers but many buyers, and that is characterized by limited or intermittent price competition. Each producer must consider the effect of a price change on the actions of the other producers. A cut in price by one may lead to an equal reduction by the others,with reaction approximately the same share of the market as before but at a lower profit margin. Therefore, the main forms of competition consist of advertising and product differentiation. Oligopolistic firms tend to be large and require significant capital investment to achieve economic of scale. Pure monopolyA market in which there is only one producer but many buyers and no substitute for that producer's product or service, which enables the single producer to exercise considerable power over the price, quantity, and quality of the product. Since a monopolist is the sole provider of a desired commodity, the monopolist is the industry. The absence of competition usually means that the consumer has to pay higher prices that would prevail with competition. The goal of monopolist is to maximize profits.Profit-maximizing decision rules are relatively simple and straight forward in the cases of perfect competition, monopolistic competition, and monopoly. Under oligopoly, however, the rules become much more complex, almost to the point of being indeterminate. However, only in oligopoly and monopoly markets is there real opportunity for 'super-normal' profits, in excess of what is required to stay in business. In all these models competition is a major determinant of profit potential and therefore objectives must be set with competitors in mind. In a monopoly (again somewhat theoretical in a pure sense) excess profits could be made if government did not act as a restraint.Stakeholder TheorySome writers have said that the overriding purpose of management is maximize stockholder wealth. R. Edward Freeman, author of a book on stakeholder management (1984), defines stakeholders as any group or individual who can affect, or is affected by, the performance of the organization. Newbould and Luffman (1979) divide the major stakeholders into four groups, arguing that their individual objectives suggest seperate criteria for assessing the viability of particular strategies.The four groups are the shareholders who finance the business, the managers who manage it, the employees who work for it, and the economy (buyers, suppliers, and the groups represent the wider economic interests of the country). Newbould and Luffman argue that current and future strategies are affected by:• external pressures from the marketplace, including competitors, buyers and suppliers; shareholders; pressure groups; and government;• internal pressures from existing commitments, managers, employees and their trade unions;• the personal ethical and moral perspectives of senior managers.Given this view, the task of management becomes on of satisfying stakeholders' wants and needs and of managing the relationships between, and often conflicting demands of, various stakeholders. It is important to establish priorities amongst the several and varied stakeholders and objectives.Cyert And March's Behavioural TheoryCyert and March (1963) argue that the goals of an organization are a compromise between members of a coalition comprising the parties affecting an organization. Therefore, this theory is closely related to stakeholder theory. Cyert and March say that there are essentially five directional pulls to consider:• production related, and encapsulating stable employment, ease of control and scheduling;• inventory related - customers and salesmen push for high stocks and wide choice, management accountants complain about the cost of too much stock;• sales related - obtaining and satisfying orders;• market share, which yields power relative to competitors;• profit, which concerns shareholders, senior management and the providers of loan capital.This theory stresses the perceived importance of the short term, as opposed to the long term, because issues are more tangible and because decisions have to be taken as situations change.Developing these themes Herbert Simon (1964) makes an important distinction between objectives and constraints. He further contends that one of the main reasons for an organization's collapse is a failure to incorporate the important motivational concerns of key stakeholders.Other Theories Of The FirmA number of other authors have offered theories in an attempt to explain the behaviour of organization and the objectives they seek.Baumol: Sales maximization.Baumol (1959) argues that firms seek to maximize sales rather than profits, but within the constraint of a minimum acceptable profit level.Williamson's model managerial discretion.Williamson (1964) argues that managers can set their own objectives, that these will be different from those of shareholders and that managerial satisfaction is the key. Satisfaction increases if profits exceed the level required for the essential development of the business.Marris's theory of managerial capitalism.Marris (1964) postulates growth as a key concern, as managers derive utility from growth in the form of enhanced salaries, power and status.Penrose's theory of growth.Penrose (1959) argues that an organization will seek to achieve the full potential from all its resources. Firms grow as long as there are unused resources, diversifying when they can no longer grow with existing products, services and markets. Growth continues until it is halted. Changes can free the limit, and growth continues until the next limiting factor appears. In a climate of reasonably constant growth and change managers learn how to cope with the dynamics of change.Galbraith's views on technocracy.Galbraith (1969) describes the role of large corporations. These corporations seek to control their environment as far as they possibly can, influencing both government and consumer. In turn, the corporations are controlled by "technocrats" - teams of powerful experts and specialists. Their purposes are firstly to protect as well as control the organization, and hence they seek financial security and profit. A price competition is not seen to be in their interests, and therefore aggressive marketing and non-price competition is stressed. Galbraith has identified the growth of "countervailing power" to limit this technocracy (the growth of trade unions it the past is an example of this).Profit As An ObjectiveAckoff argues that both profit and growth are means to other ends rather than objectives in themselves. He argues that profit is necessary for the survival of a business enterprise but is neither the reason for which the business is formed nor the reason why it stays in existence.Therefore, Ackoff contends "those who manage organizations do so primarily to provide themselves with the quality of work life and standard of living they desire... their behaviour can be better understood by assuming this than by assuming that their objective is to maximize profit or growth."However, in many respects it does no matter whether profit is seen as an objective or as a means of providing service and satisfaction to stakeholders, as long as both are considered and not seen as mutually exclusive. If profits are seen as a means to stakeholder satisfaction one could argue that service to stakeholders should be seen as the objective, and profit as the measure of success.The Influence Of ShareholdersThe view is widely held by Constable and others that too many companies are encouraged to seek short-term profits in order to please their major shareholders, and the it is only by considering the long term and the interests of all stakeholders that companies will become more effective competitors in world markets.Constable contrasts two sets of objectives, ranked in order of priority:Company A Company B 1. Maintenance and growth of market share Return on net assets, 1-3 year time horizon 2. Cash flow Maintenance and growth of employment 3. Maintenance and growth of market share Cash flow 4. Maintenance and growth of employment Return on net assets He contends that company B is likely to grow at the expense of company A, and that these objective sets, A and B, are essentially those adopted by large UK and Japanese companies. To suggest that Japanese success rests solely on a particular set of objectives is oversimplifying reality, but it has certainty contributed.Therefore, all stakeholders should be considered and consulted; priorities should be expressed; and crucially the objectives should be disseminated throughout the organization.Each of the theories discussed in this section provides food for thought, but individually none of them explains fully where the organization is going and considering why. Each can be appropriate in certain circumstances and lead to high performance; in different circumstances they might be the wrong strategy. Therefore, it is useful emphasize the key role of the strategic leader, and his values, in establishing the main objectives and the direction in which he takes the organization.There is no right or wrong list of priorities. However, whilst priorities can and will be established, all stakeholders must be satisfied to some minimum level. Moreover, in the final analysis the essential requirement is congruence between environment, values and resources.Developing Appropriate Organizational ObjectivesAfter the organizational mission has been developed, appropriate organizational objectives must be formulated.Peter Drucker stated, that the basic requirements for successfully objective are:1. Objectives must be derived from "what our business is, what it will be, and what it should be."
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Oligopoli
pasar A di mana hanya ada beberapa penjual besar tapi banyak pembeli, dan yang ditandai dengan persaingan harga yang terbatas atau intermiten. Setiap produsen harus mempertimbangkan efek dari perubahan harga pada tindakan produsen lainnya. Pemotongan harga sebesar satu dapat menyebabkan pengurangan yang sama dengan orang lain, dengan reaksi sekitar bagian yang sama dari pasar seperti sebelumnya tetapi pada margin keuntungan yang lebih rendah. Oleh karena itu, bentuk utama dari kompetisi terdiri dari iklan dan diferensiasi produk. Perusahaan oligopolistik cenderung besar dan memerlukan investasi modal yang signifikan untuk mencapai ekonomi skala.
Monopoli Murni
pasar A di mana hanya ada satu produsen tetapi banyak pembeli dan tidak ada pengganti untuk produk yang produsen atau jasa, yang memungkinkan produsen tunggal untuk menjalankan kekuasaan yang cukup besar atas harga, kuantitas, dan kualitas produk. Karena perusahaan monopoli adalah satu-satunya penyedia komoditas yang diinginkan, perusahaan monopoli adalah industri. Tidak adanya kompetisi biasanya berarti bahwa konsumen harus membayar harga yang lebih tinggi yang akan menang dengan persaingan. Tujuan dari perusahaan monopoli adalah untuk memaksimalkan keuntungan.
Aturan keputusan Laba-memaksimalkan relatif sederhana dan lurus ke depan dalam kasus persaingan sempurna, persaingan monopolistik, dan monopoli. Di bawah oligopoli, namun, aturan menjadi jauh lebih kompleks, hampir ke titik yang tak tentu.
Namun, hanya dalam oligopoli dan pasar monopoli ada kesempatan nyata untuk 'super-normal' keuntungan, lebih dari apa yang dibutuhkan untuk bertahan dalam bisnis . Dalam semua model ini persaingan merupakan penentu utama dari potensi keuntungan dan karena itu tujuan harus ditetapkan dengan pesaing dalam pikiran. Dalam monopoli (lagi agak teoritis dalam arti murni) keuntungan berlebih bisa dilakukan jika pemerintah tidak bertindak sebagai menahan diri.
Stakeholder Theory
Beberapa penulis telah mengatakan bahwa tujuan utama manajemen adalah memaksimalkan kekayaan pemegang saham. R. Edward Freeman, penulis buku tentang manajemen pemangku kepentingan (1984), mendefinisikan stakeholder sebagai kelompok atau individu yang dapat mempengaruhi, atau dipengaruhi oleh, kinerja organisasi. Newbould dan Luffman (1979) membagi stakeholder utama dalam empat kelompok, dengan alasan bahwa tujuan individu mereka menyarankan kriteria terpisah untuk menilai kelayakan strategi tertentu.
Keempat kelompok adalah pemegang saham yang membiayai bisnis, para manajer yang mengelola itu, karyawan yang bekerja untuk itu, dan ekonomi (pembeli, pemasok, dan kelompok-kelompok mewakili kepentingan ekonomi yang lebih luas dari negara). Newbould dan Luffman berpendapat bahwa strategi saat ini dan masa depan dipengaruhi oleh:
tekanan eksternal • dari pasar, termasuk pesaing, pembeli dan pemasok; pemegang saham; kelompok penekan; dan pemerintah;
• tekanan internal dari yang ada komitmen, manajer, karyawan dan serikat pekerja
mereka;. • perspektif etika dan moral pribadi dari manajer senior
Mengingat pandangan ini, tugas manajemen menjadi pada keinginan dan kebutuhan stakeholder memuaskan 'dan mengelola hubungan antara, dan sering bertentangan tuntutan, berbagai pemangku kepentingan. Hal ini penting untuk menetapkan prioritas di antara beberapa dan beragam pemangku kepentingan dan tujuan.
Cyert Dan bulan Maret Perilaku Teori
Cyert dan Maret (1963) berpendapat bahwa tujuan dari sebuah organisasi adalah kompromi antara anggota koalisi yang terdiri dari pihak-pihak yang mempengaruhi organisasi. Oleh karena itu, teori ini berkaitan erat dengan teori stakeholder. Cyert dan Maret mengatakan bahwa pada dasarnya ada lima tarikan directional untuk mempertimbangkan:
• produksi terkait, dan encapsulating pekerjaan yang stabil, kemudahan kontrol dan penjadwalan;
• persediaan terkait - pelanggan dan salesman mendorong saham yang tinggi dan berbagai pilihan, akuntan manajemen mengeluh tentang biaya terlalu banyak saham;
• terkait penjualan - mendapatkan dan perintah memuaskan;
• pangsa pasar, yang menghasilkan listrik relatif terhadap
pesaing;. • keuntungan, yang menyangkut pemegang saham, manajemen senior dan penyedia modal pinjaman
Teori ini menekankan pentingnya dirasakan pendek Istilah, yang bertentangan dengan jangka panjang, karena masalah yang lebih nyata dan karena keputusan harus diambil sebagai situasi berubah.
Mengembangkan tema ini Herbert Simon (1964) membuat perbedaan penting antara tujuan dan kendala. Lebih lanjut ia menyatakan bahwa salah satu alasan utama untuk runtuhnya organisasi adalah kegagalan untuk menggabungkan keprihatinan motivasi penting dari stakeholder kunci.
Teori lain Of The Firm
Sejumlah penulis lain telah menawarkan teori dalam upaya untuk menjelaskan perilaku organisasi dan tujuan yang mereka cari.
Baumol:. Penjualan
maksimalisasi. Baumol (1959) berpendapat bahwa perusahaan berusaha untuk memaksimalkan penjualan daripada keuntungan, tetapi dalam kendala dari tingkat keuntungan minimum yang dapat
diterima. Model kebijaksanaan manajerial Williamson
Williamson (1964) berpendapat bahwa manajer dapat mengatur mereka tujuan sendiri, bahwa ini akan berbeda dari pemegang saham dan bahwa kepuasan manajerial adalah kuncinya. Kepuasan meningkat jika keuntungan melebihi tingkat yang diperlukan untuk pengembangan penting dari bisnis.
Teori Marris tentang kapitalisme manajerial.
Marris (1964) mendalilkan pertumbuhan sebagai perhatian utama, sebagai manajer berasal utilitas dari pertumbuhan dalam bentuk ditingkatkan gaji, kekuasaan dan status.
teori Penrose pertumbuhan.
Penrose (1959) berpendapat bahwa sebuah organisasi akan berusaha untuk mencapai potensi penuh dari semua sumber daya. Perusahaan tumbuh selama ada sumber daya yang tidak terpakai, diversifikasi ketika mereka tidak bisa lagi tumbuh dengan produk, jasa dan pasar yang ada. Pertumbuhan terus sampai dihentikan. Perubahan dapat membebaskan batas, dan pertumbuhan berlanjut sampai faktor pembatas berikutnya muncul. Dalam iklim manajer pertumbuhan dan perubahan cukup konstan belajar bagaimana mengatasi dinamika perubahan.
Pandangan Galbraith pada teknokrasi.
Galbraith (1969) menjelaskan peran perusahaan besar. Perusahaan-perusahaan ini berusaha untuk mengendalikan lingkungan mereka sejauh mereka bisa, mempengaruhi baik pemerintah dan konsumen. Pada gilirannya, perusahaan yang dikendalikan oleh "teknokrat" - tim ahli yang kuat dan spesialis. Tujuan mereka adalah pertama untuk melindungi serta mengendalikan organisasi, dan karenanya mereka mencari keamanan finansial dan keuntungan. Sebuah persaingan harga tidak terlihat berada di kepentingan mereka, dan pemasaran karena itu agresif dan persaingan non-harga yang stres. Galbraith telah mengidentifikasi pertumbuhan "countervailing power" untuk membatasi teknokrasi ini (pertumbuhan serikat buruh itu masa lalu adalah contoh ini).
Laba Sebagai Objektif
Ackoff berpendapat bahwa baik keuntungan dan pertumbuhan yang sarana untuk tujuan lain daripada tujuan di diri. Dia berpendapat bahwa keuntungan diperlukan untuk kelangsungan hidup perusahaan bisnis tetapi tidak alasan yang bisnis dibentuk maupun alasan mengapa tetap ada.
Oleh karena itu, Ackoff berpendapat "orang-orang yang mengelola organisasi melakukannya terutama untuk memberikan diri mereka dengan kualitas kehidupan kerja dan standar hidup yang mereka inginkan ... perilaku mereka dapat lebih dipahami dengan asumsi ini daripada dengan mengasumsikan bahwa tujuan mereka adalah untuk memaksimalkan keuntungan atau pertumbuhan.
"Namun, dalam banyak hal itu tidak tidak peduli apakah keuntungan dipandang sebagai tujuan atau sebagai sarana untuk memberikan pelayanan dan kepuasan kepada para pemangku kepentingan, selama keduanya dianggap dan tidak dilihat sebagai saling eksklusif. Jika keuntungan dipandang sebagai sarana untuk pemangku kepuasan orang dapat berargumentasi bahwa pelayanan kepada pemangku kepentingan harus dilihat sebagai tujuan, dan keuntungan sebagai ukuran keberhasilan.
Pengaruh Pemegang Saham
Pandangan secara luas dipegang oleh Constable dan lain-lain yang terlalu banyak perusahaan yang didorong untuk mencari keuntungan jangka pendek untuk menyenangkan pemegang saham utama mereka, dan itu hanya dengan mempertimbangkan jangka panjang dan kepentingan seluruh pemangku kepentingan bahwa perusahaan-perusahaan akan menjadi pesaing yang lebih efektif di pasar dunia.
Constable kontras dua set tujuan, peringkat dalam urutan prioritas:
Perusahaan A Perusahaan B
1. Pemeliharaan dan pertumbuhan pangsa pasar Return on aktiva bersih, 1-3 tahun waktu cakrawala
2. Arus kas Pemeliharaan dan pertumbuhan lapangan kerja
3. Pemeliharaan dan pertumbuhan pangsa pasar Arus kas
4. Pemeliharaan dan pertumbuhan lapangan kerja pada Kembali aktiva bersih
Ia berpendapat bahwa perusahaan B kemungkinan akan tumbuh dengan mengorbankan perusahaan A, dan bahwa tujuan set, A dan B, pada dasarnya mereka diadopsi oleh besar Inggris dan perusahaan-perusahaan Jepang. Untuk menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan Jepang didasarkan hanya pada satu set tertentu dari tujuan yang terlalu menyederhanakan realitas, tetapi telah kepastian yang disumbangkan.
Oleh karena itu, semua stakeholder harus dipertimbangkan dan berkonsultasi; prioritas harus diungkapkan; dan krusial tujuan harus disebarluaskan ke seluruh organisasi.
Masing-masing dari teori dibahas dalam bagian ini memberikan makanan untuk berpikir, tetapi secara individu tidak satupun dari mereka menjelaskan sepenuhnya di mana organisasi akan dan mempertimbangkan mengapa. Masing-masing dapat sesuai dalam keadaan dan menyebabkan kinerja tinggi tertentu; dalam situasi yang berbeda mereka mungkin strategi yang salah. Oleh karena itu, hal ini berguna menekankan peran kunci dari pemimpin strategis, dan nilai-nilai, membangun tujuan utama dan arah di mana ia mengambil organisasi.
Tidak ada yang benar atau salah daftar prioritas. Namun, sementara prioritas dapat dan akan dibentuk, semua stakeholder harus puas dengan beberapa tingkat minimum. Selain itu, dalam analisis akhir persyaratan penting adalah kesesuaian antara lingkungan, nilai-nilai dan sumber daya.
Mengembangkan Tujuan Organisasi tepat
Setelah misi organisasi telah dikembangkan, tujuan organisasi yang sesuai harus dirumuskan.
Peter Drucker menyatakan, bahwa persyaratan dasar untuk sukses tujuan adalah:
1. Tujuan harus berasal dari "apa bisnis kami adalah, apa yang akan, dan apa yang seharusnya."
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