The Life Cycle: Marriage and the FamilyDespite the early ages at which terjemahan - The Life Cycle: Marriage and the FamilyDespite the early ages at which Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The Life Cycle: Marriage and the Fa

The Life Cycle: Marriage and the Family

Despite the early ages at which children entered the adult world, marriage was normally postponed until later in life. Royal or noble children might sometimes be married in childhood for political or economic reasons, but most of the population married at significantly older ages than those common in the twentieth century.

A study of seventeenth-century marriages in southern England has found that the average age of men at a first marriage was nearly twenty-seven; their brides averaged 23.6 years of age. Research on England in the eighteenth century shows that the age at marriage rose further. In rural Europe, men married at twenty-seven to twenty-eight years, women at twenty-five to twenty-six. Many variations were hidden within such averages. The most notable is the unique situation of firstborn sons. They would inherit the property, which would make marriage economically feasible and earlier marriage to perpetuate the family line desirable.

Most people had to postpone marriage until they could afford it. This typically meant waiting until they could acquire the property or position that would support a family. Younger sons often could not marry be-fore age thirty. The average age at first marriage of all males among the nobility of Milan was 33.4 years in the period 1700–49; their wives averaged 21.2 years. Daughters might not marry until they had accumulated a dowry—land or money for the well-to-do, household goods in the lower classes—which would favor the economic circumstances of a family. Given the constraints of a limited life expectancy and a meager in-come, many people experienced marriage for only a few years, and others never married. A study of marriage patterns in eighteenth-century England suggests that 25 percent of the younger sons in well-to-do families never married. Another historian has estimated that fully 10 percent of the population of Europe was comprised of unmarried adult women. For the middle class of Geneva in 1700, 26 percent of the women who died at over age fifty had never married; the study of the Milanese nobility found that 35 percent of the women never married.

The pattern of selecting a mate changed somewhat during the eighteenth century. Earlier habits in which parents arranged marriages for children (especially if property was involved) were changing, and a prospective couple frequently claimed the right to veto their parents’ arrangement. Although propertied families of ten insisted upon arranged marriages (see document 18.2), it became more common during the eighteenth century for men and women to select their own partners, contingent upon parental vetoes. Marriages based upon the interests of the entire family line, and marriages based upon an economic alliance, yielded with increasing frequency to marriages based upon romantic attachment. However, marriage contracts remained common.



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The Life Cycle: Marriage and the FamilyDespite the early ages at which children entered the adult world, marriage was normally postponed until later in life. Royal or noble children might sometimes be married in childhood for political or economic reasons, but most of the population married at significantly older ages than those common in the twentieth century.A study of seventeenth-century marriages in southern England has found that the average age of men at a first marriage was nearly twenty-seven; their brides averaged 23.6 years of age. Research on England in the eighteenth century shows that the age at marriage rose further. In rural Europe, men married at twenty-seven to twenty-eight years, women at twenty-five to twenty-six. Many variations were hidden within such averages. The most notable is the unique situation of firstborn sons. They would inherit the property, which would make marriage economically feasible and earlier marriage to perpetuate the family line desirable.Most people had to postpone marriage until they could afford it. This typically meant waiting until they could acquire the property or position that would support a family. Younger sons often could not marry be-fore age thirty. The average age at first marriage of all males among the nobility of Milan was 33.4 years in the period 1700–49; their wives averaged 21.2 years. Daughters might not marry until they had accumulated a dowry—land or money for the well-to-do, household goods in the lower classes—which would favor the economic circumstances of a family. Given the constraints of a limited life expectancy and a meager in-come, many people experienced marriage for only a few years, and others never married. A study of marriage patterns in eighteenth-century England suggests that 25 percent of the younger sons in well-to-do families never married. Another historian has estimated that fully 10 percent of the population of Europe was comprised of unmarried adult women. For the middle class of Geneva in 1700, 26 percent of the women who died at over age fifty had never married; the study of the Milanese nobility found that 35 percent of the women never married.The pattern of selecting a mate changed somewhat during the eighteenth century. Earlier habits in which parents arranged marriages for children (especially if property was involved) were changing, and a prospective couple frequently claimed the right to veto their parents’ arrangement. Although propertied families of ten insisted upon arranged marriages (see document 18.2), it became more common during the eighteenth century for men and women to select their own partners, contingent upon parental vetoes. Marriages based upon the interests of the entire family line, and marriages based upon an economic alliance, yielded with increasing frequency to marriages based upon romantic attachment. However, marriage contracts remained common.
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The Life Cycle: Pernikahan dan Keluarga Meskipun usia dini di mana anak-anak memasuki dunia orang dewasa, pernikahan itu biasanya ditunda sampai nanti dalam hidup. Kerajaan atau mulia anak-anak kadang-kadang mungkin akan menikah di masa kecil karena alasan politik atau ekonomi, tetapi sebagian besar populasi menikah di usia secara signifikan lebih tua dari yang umum di abad kedua puluh. Sebuah studi dari pernikahan abad ketujuh belas di Inggris selatan telah menemukan bahwa usia rata-rata laki-laki pada pernikahan pertamanya hampir dua puluh tujuh; pengantin mereka rata-rata 23,6 tahun. Penelitian tentang Inggris di abad kedelapan belas menunjukkan bahwa usia kawin naik lebih lanjut. Di pedesaan Eropa, pria menikah di 27-28 tahun, wanita di 25-26. Banyak variasi yang tersembunyi di dalam rata-rata tersebut. Yang paling penting adalah situasi yang unik dari anak sulung. Mereka akan mewarisi properti, yang akan membuat pernikahan ekonomis dan pernikahan sebelumnya untuk mengabadikan garis keluarga diinginkan. Kebanyakan orang harus menunda pernikahan sampai mereka bisa membelinya. Ini biasanya berarti menunggu sampai mereka bisa mendapatkan properti atau posisi yang akan mendukung keluarga. Anak-anak muda sering tidak bisa menikah be-kedepan usia tiga puluh. Rata-rata usia kawin pertama dari semua laki-laki di antara bangsawan dari Milan adalah 33,4 tahun pada periode 1700-1749; istri mereka rata-rata 21,2 tahun. Putri mungkin tidak menikah sampai mereka telah mengumpulkan mahar-tanah atau uang untuk sumur-to-do, barang rumah tangga di kelas-yang rendah akan mendukung keadaan ekonomi keluarga. Mengingat kendala dari harapan hidup terbatas dan sedikit di-datang, banyak orang mengalami pernikahan untuk hanya beberapa tahun, dan lain-lain tidak pernah menikah. Sebuah studi dari pola perkawinan di Inggris abad kedelapan belas menunjukkan bahwa 25 persen dari anak-anak muda di sumur-to-do keluarga tidak pernah menikah. Sejarawan lain memperkirakan bahwa sepenuhnya 10 persen dari populasi Eropa terdiri dari wanita dewasa yang belum menikah. Untuk kelas menengah dari Jenewa pada tahun 1700, 26 persen dari wanita yang meninggal di atas usia lima puluh tidak pernah menikah; studi tentang bangsawan Milanese menemukan bahwa 35 persen wanita tidak pernah menikah. Pola memilih pasangan agak berubah pada abad kedelapan belas. Kebiasaan sebelumnya di mana orang tua mengatur pernikahan untuk anak-anak (terutama jika properti terlibat) yang berubah, dan beberapa calon sering mengklaim hak untuk memveto kesepakatan orang tua mereka. Meskipun keluarga berpunya sepuluh bersikeras atas perjodohan (lihat dokumen 18,2), menjadi lebih umum pada abad kedelapan belas untuk pria dan wanita untuk memilih pasangan mereka sendiri, bergantung pada veto orangtua. Perkawinan berdasarkan kepentingan seluruh garis keluarga, dan pernikahan berdasarkan aliansi ekonomi, dihasilkan dengan meningkatkan frekuensi untuk pernikahan berdasarkan lampiran romantis. Namun, kontrak pernikahan tetap umum.











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