Hasil (
Bahasa Indonesia) 1:
[Salinan]Disalin!
The impact of growth or decline in gross national product and increases or decreases in interest rates, inflation, and the value of the dollar are considered as prime examples of significant impact on business operations. To asses the local situation, an organization might seek information concerning the economic base and future of the region and the effects of this outlook on wage rates, disposable income, unemployment, and the transportation and commercial base. The state of world economy is most critical for organizations operating in such areas. Technological ForcesTechnological forces influence organizations in several ways. A technological innovation can have a sudden and dramatic effect on the environment of a firm. First, technological developments can significantly alter the demand for an organization's or industry's products or services. Technological change can decimate existing businesses and even entire industries, since its shifts demand from one product to another. Moreover, changes in technology can affect a firm's operations as well its products and services. These changes might affect processing methods, raw materials, and service delivery. In international business, one country's use of new technological developments can make another country's products overpriced and noncompetitive. In general, Technological trends include not only the glamorous invention that revolutionizes our lives, but also the gradual painstaking improvements in methods, in materials, in design, in application, unemployment, and the transportation and commercial base. They diffusion into new industries and efficiency" (John Argenti). The rate of technological change varies considerably from one industry to another. In electronics, for example change is rapid and constant, but in furniture manufacturing, change is slower and more gradual. Changing technology can offer major opportunities for improving goal achievements or threaten the existence of the firm. Therefore, "the key concerns in the technological environment involve building the organizational capability to (1) forecast and identify relevant developments - both within and beyond the industry, (2) assess the impact of these developments on existing operations, and (3) define opportunities" (Mark C. Baetz and Paul W. Beamish). These capabilities should result in the creation of a technological strategy. Technological strategy deals with "choices in technology, product design and development, sources of technology and R&D management and funding" (R. Burgeleman and M. Maidique). The effect that changing technology can have upon the competition in an industry is also dealt with other chapters. Technological forecasting can help protect and improve the profitability of firms in growing industries. Social ForcesSocial forces include traditions, values, societal trends, consumer psychology, and a society's expectations of business. The following are some of the key concerns in the social environment: ecology (e.g., global warming, pollution); demographics (e.g., population growth rates, aging work force in industrialized countries, high educational requirements); quality of life (e.g., education, safety, health care, standard of living); and noneconomic activities (e.g., charities). Moreover, social issues can quickly become political and even legal issues. Social forces are often most important because of their effect on people's behaviour. For an organization to survive, the product or service must be wanted, thus consumer behaviour is considered as a separate environmental behaviour. Behaviour factors also affect organisations internally, that is, the employees and management. A society's expectations of business present other opportunities and constraints. These expectations emanate from diverse groups referred to as stakeholders. Stakeholders include a firm's owners (stockholders), members of the board of directors, managers and operating employees, suppliers, creditors, distributors, customers, and other interest groups - at the broadest level, stakeholders include the general public. Determining the exact impact of social forces on an organization is difficult at best. However, assessing the changing values, attitudes, and demographic characteristics of an organization's customers is an essential element in establishing organizational objectives. Analysis Of The IndustryThe word industry is used to refer to a group of firms whose products are sufficiently close substitutes for each other that the member firms are drawn into competitive rivalry to serve the same needs of some or all the same types of buyers. In analyzing an industry, it is also useful to determine if the industry is a global industry, that is, an industry that requires global operations to compete effectively Industries differ widely in their economic characteristics, competitive situations, and future outlooks. Understanding industry structure is the logical starting point for strategic analysis at the business level. The key concerns in the industry environment are as follows: 1. The elements of the industry structure 2. The stage in the life cycle of products in the industry. 3. The direction the industry is headed (for example, overcapacity, requiring rationalization). 4. The forces (for example, political, social, economic, technological) driving the industry in a particular direction. 5. The underlying economics and performance of the business (for example, cost structures, profit levels). 6. The key success factors (for example, cost, delivery). 7. Demand segments and strategic groups The second environment to consider is the competitive environment. The key concerns in the competitive environment are as follows: 1. The forces driving competition in the industry (which is a function of industry structure. 2. The differences in the competitive approaches of rival firms (for example, price competition, advertising battles, increased customer service). 3. Strategies, positions, and competitive strength of market leaders and close rivals. 4. Why some rivals are doing better than others. The value chain is an important tool for analyzing how a company is faring relative to its competitors. The issues of competitive environment and the value chain are described in Chapter 9.
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
